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击沉光荣号的德舰指挥官并非刚瑟·吕特晏斯,而是威廉·马沙尔

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网上广为流传的说法是,1940年6月8日,刚瑟·吕特晏斯指挥沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号,在“朱诺行动”中击沉了英国皇家海军的光荣号航空母舰以及两艘驱逐舰阿卡斯塔号和热心号。经过本人查证,该说法并不正确。
首先,我们来看看吕特晏斯的个人资料的部分原文内容以及译文(出自维基百科网页链接):
At the outbreak ofWorld War II, Lütjens was Commander of Scouting Forces.[lbk]Tr 9[rbk]In April 1940, during the invasion of Denmark and Norway (Operation Weserübung), he served asVice Admiral, commanding the distant cover forces in the North Sea — which consisted ofScharnhorstandGneisenau— and fightingan inconclusive battlewith thebattlecruiserHMSRenown. In June 1940, he becameCommander of Battleshipsand the thirdFlottenchef(Fleet Commander) of theKriegsmarinein World War II, a position comparable to the BritishCommander-in-Chief of theHome Fleet.
His predecessor —VizeadmiralWilhelm Marschall— had repeated differences with the German High Command over the extent theFlottenchefshould be bound to orders while operating at sea. Operating fromScharnhorstandGneisenau, Marschall had realized the Allies were retreating from Norway and ignored his original orders by attacking the retreating British forces, sinkingGloriousand her escortingdestroyersAcastaandArdent, but also receiving atorpedohit onScharnhorst. This failure to follow orders resulted in Marschall being replaced by Lütjens. Since the firstFlottenchefhad been removed for similar reasons, Lütjens was determined to follow his orders to the letter to avoid suffering the same fate.
第二次世界大战爆发时,吕特晏斯担任侦察部队指挥官。1940年4月,在入侵丹麦和挪威的行动(“威瑟演习”行动)中,他以海军中将的身份,指挥北海的远程掩护部队(该部队由沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号组成),并与声望号战列巡洋舰进行了一场未分胜负的战斗。1940年6月,他成为战列舰部队指挥官,同时也是二战期间德国海军的第三任舰队司令,这一职位相当于英国本土舰队司令。
他的前任——威廉·马沙尔海军中将,多次与德国最高统帅部就“舰队司令在海上行动时应在多大程度上服从命令”的问题产生分歧。马沙尔以沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号为作战单位,察觉到盟军正从挪威撤退,于是不顾最初的命令,对撤退中的英国部队发起攻击,击沉了光荣号以及为其护航的驱逐舰热心号和阿卡斯塔号,但沙恩霍斯特号也被鱼雷击中。由于未服从命令,马沙尔被吕特晏斯取代。鉴于第一任舰队司令也因类似原因被撤职,吕特晏斯决心严格执行命令,以免重蹈覆辙。
以上佐证材料能够解释吕特晏斯在丹麦海峡海战中试图避免与英国战舰交战的原因。你可能会问,有没有一种可能是,马沙尔接到了总部关于执行“朱诺行动”的命令,然后制定了一套自己的计划再交给吕特晏斯去执行呢?当然不是。我们再看看更多佐证材料
(字数限制,请于楼中查看)



IP属地:山东来自Android客户端1楼2025-01-24 22:36回复
    以下是威廉·马沙尔海军大将的部分个人资料原文以及译文:
    On 8 June 1940, during the latter part of theNorwegian Campaign,Marschall and part of his force (flagshipGneisenau, and her sister-shipScharnhorst) fell in with Britishaircraft carrierHMSGloriousand two destroyers (AcastaandArdent) about 280 miles west of Harstad, Norway. In a two-hour action,Gloriousand her accompanying destroyers were all sunk, in exchange for damage toScharnhorst(struck by one ofAcasta'storpedoes). Although the battle was a German victory, Marschall had engagedGloriousdespite orders to avoid action. Marschall's differences with the High Command on this subject, and the severe damage toScharnhorstduring the engagement, ensured that Marschall was replaced asFlottenchefby AdmiralGünther Lütjens. Marschall led the inspection of naval education for two years beginning in the summer 1940.
    1940年6月8日,在挪威战役后期,马沙尔及其部分舰队(旗舰格奈森瑙号及其姊妹舰沙恩霍斯特号),在挪威哈斯塔德以西约280英里处,遭遇了英国航空母舰光荣号及两艘驱逐舰(阿卡斯塔号和热心号)。经过两小时的战斗,光荣号及其护航驱逐舰全部被击沉,作为代价,沙恩霍斯特号受损(被阿卡斯塔号发射的一枚鱼雷击中)。尽管这场战斗以德国胜利告终,但马沙尔没有顾及避免交战的命令,主动与光荣号交火。马沙尔在这个问题上与德国最高统帅部意见不合,且沙恩霍斯特号在交战中遭受重创,这使得他的舰队司令一职被刚瑟·吕特晏斯海军上将取代。从1940年夏天起,马沙尔负责领导海军教育视察工作,为期两年。


    IP属地:山东来自Android客户端2楼2025-01-24 22:41
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      2026-04-02 22:15:03
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      以下是格奈森瑙号战列巡洋舰的部分资料原文以及译文:
      GneisenauandScharnhorstleft Wilhelmshaven on 4 June to return to Norway. They were joined byAdmiral Hipperand four destroyers.[15]The purpose of the sortie was to interrupt Allied resupply efforts to the Norwegians and to relieve the pressure on German troops fighting in Norway.[17]On 7 June, the squadron rendezvoused with the tankerDithmarschento refuelAdmiral Hipperand the four destroyers.[15]The next day, thetrawlerJuniperwas discovered and sunk, along with the oil tankerOil Pioneer.[18]The Germans then launched theirArado 196float planes to search for more Allied vessels.Admiral Hipperand the destroyers were sent to destroyOrama, a 19,500-long-ton (19,800t) passenger ship, whileAtlantis, ahospital ship, was allowed to proceed unmolested. Admiral Marschall detachedAdmiral Hipperand the four destroyers to refuel in Trondheim, while he would steam to the Harstad area.
      6月4日,格奈森瑙号与沙恩霍斯特号离开威廉港,重返挪威。希佩尔海军上将号及四艘驱逐舰与她们会合。此次行动旨在阻断盟军对挪威的补给,并减轻在挪威作战的德军压力。6月7日,该舰队与迪特马申号油轮会合,为希佩尔海军上将号及四艘驱逐舰补充燃料。次日,德军发现并击沉了拖网渔船“朱尼珀”号和油轮石油先锋号。随后,德军出动阿拉多196水上飞机,搜寻更多盟军船只。希佩尔海军上将号及驱逐舰奉命去击沉排水量19,500长吨(19,800吨 )的客轮奥拉马号,而医院船亚特兰蒂斯号则被放行,未受袭扰。马沙尔海军上将派遣希佩尔海军上将号及四艘驱逐舰前往特隆赫姆加油,自己则率舰驶向哈斯塔德地区。


      IP属地:山东来自Android客户端3楼2025-01-24 22:46
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        在格奈森瑙号战列巡洋舰的资料中提到(回复贴莫名其妙被系统删除,正在申诉),马沙尔本人率领格奈森瑙号和沙恩霍斯特号前往挪威哈斯塔德地区搜索盟军舰船,而在马沙尔的个人资料中提到,光荣号、阿卡斯塔号和热心号就是在哈斯塔德以西约280英里处被击沉的。至此已经雄辩证明,“朱诺行动”的指挥官就是威廉·马沙尔而非刚瑟·吕特晏斯。还有一点很重要,格奈森瑙号和沙恩霍斯特号是在6月4日重返挪威,说明吕特晏斯虽然在挪威战役前期指挥了沙恩霍斯特号和格奈森瑙号,但是又将她们带回到了德国,他压根就没有参与“朱诺行动”


        IP属地:山东来自Android客户端4楼2025-01-24 22:55
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          Ben Baker在其文章“HMS Glorious – The cover up of Churchill’s Operation Paul”(网页链接 )中引用了两位历史学家的著作中的内容,阐述了阿卡斯塔号用鱼雷击中沙恩霍斯特号产生的重大影响:
          Crucially, the torpedo brought the German Operation Juno to a premature end and stopped further attacks on Ark Royal’s troop convoy, saving many more lives.
          Kenneth Macksey, in his book “ Invasion” went further and sighted the torpedo hit and damage to Scharnhorst as putting an end to German plans for Operation Sealion; the invasion of Great Britain, planned for July 1940. This view is supported by A J P Taylor in his book; English History 1914 to 1945;
          “In the summer of 1940 the effective German fleet was reduced to one 8 inch cruiser, two light cruisers and four destroyers. The successful withdrawal from Dunkirk and the German failure to invade England both owed something to the Norwegian campaign.”
          Admiral Wilhelm Marschall the German Flottenchef or fleet commander was sacked as a result of the damage to his ship and to Hitler’s plans for invasion.
          关键的是,这枚鱼雷使德国的“朱诺行动”提前结束,阻止了其对皇家方舟号所在的护航船队的进一步攻击,挽救了更多生命。
          肯尼斯·麦凯西在其著作《入侵》中更进一步指出,鱼雷击中并损坏沙恩霍斯特号,终结了德国原计划于1940年7月实施的“海狮行动”这一入侵英国的计划。A·J·P·泰勒在《1914 - 1945年英国史》一书中也支持这一观点:
          “到1940年夏天,德国可用的舰队缩减至1艘8英寸口径重巡洋舰、2艘轻型巡洋舰和4艘驱逐舰。敦刻尔克大撤退的成功以及德国入侵英国计划的失败,在一定程度上都要归因于挪威战役。”
          德国海军舰队司令威廉·马绍尔海军上将,因舰船受损以及此事对希特勒的入侵计划造成的影响而被撤职。


          IP属地:山东来自Android客户端5楼2025-01-24 23:03
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            为啥会有这个传言,很早以前就知道马沙尔因为浪费弹药被撤职


            IP属地:福建来自Android客户端6楼2025-01-24 23:31
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              挖槽,涨知识了


              IP属地:上海来自Android客户端8楼2025-01-26 01:25
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                是的,早些年就有人辟谣过了
                我记得早期版的百度百科也说是老吕干的,当年年少无知,轻信了……


                IP属地:江苏来自iPhone客户端9楼2025-01-27 08:14
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