Commanders!
In our earlier article, we have mentioned the difficult development of the tank support vehicle class in the Soviet Union and later in Russia. Today, we are going to have a look at the ultimate development of the concept, the Russian BMPT vehicle family.
The BMPT (which stands for “tank combat support vehicle”) was developed as the result of the experiences from the past. The producer designation however is “BMOP” (stands for “fire support vehicle”) as well as the unofficial (commercial) one: the “Terminator”. The name Ramka-99 comes from the entire development program the vehicles were a part of.
指挥官！
在我们以前的文章中,我们讲到了前苏联和俄罗斯的坦克支援车辆的艰难发展过程。今天，我们将介绍这个概念的最终发展，俄罗斯的BMPT车族。
BMPT(即“坦克战斗支援车”）是根据过去的经验而发展起来的。制造商定名为BMOP（即“火力支援车”）也就是我们俗称的（军售）：终结者。Ramka-99的名字来自于整个车族研制计划中的一个。

RAMKA-99：

It is a heavily armored vehicle based on a regular tank hull, built to support tanks against both soft and armored targets although its capability to engage enemy armor is limited by the amount of anti-tank guided missiles carried.
Uralvagonzavod picked up where its predecessors left off and designed a vehicle using a modified hull of either the T-90 or the T-72 main battle tank. This allowed the factory not only to produce using well-established procedures but also to actually convert existing vehicles to the BMPT standard by switching the old turret with the BMPT one.
这是一种以正式坦克车体为基础建造的装甲车，用以对抗敌方轻装甲目标，但它的战斗力受车辆携带的反坦克导弹数量限制。
Uralvagonzavod乌拉尔车厂选择了之前遗留下的升级后的T-90和T-72车体进行设计。这使得生产者不仅可以利用现有的生产线和技术还可以通过使用BMPT武器战替换现有坦克炮塔来完成车辆的BMPT升级。

T-72

T-90

The first mock-up was shown to the public in 2000. Originally, the vehicle was supposed to be armed with one 30mm 2A42 cannon (paired with a machinegun) and four older 9M133 “Kornet” missile launchers but soon a second 30mm gun was added to the turret and the missile launchers were replaced by the more advanced “Ataka” weapon system. Secondary armament consists of a pair of 30mm AG-17 grenade launchers.
The vehicle is heavily armored – apart from the standard protection of the T-72/T-90 hull, a “Relikt” ERA kit was installed to enhance the survivability of the vehicle against HEAT projectiles, commonly fired by infantry AT weapons.
The crew consists of five men (commander, driver, gunner and two grenade launcher operators). The vehicle is usually powered by the engine of the “host” tank (either the 780hp engine of the T-72 or the 1000hp engine of the T-90), influencing the performance of the vehicle (although the general maximum speed is listed by the producer as 60 km/h for both models).
第一辆原型车在2000年向公众进行展示。最初车辆配备一门30mm 2A42机炮（配有同轴机枪）和4管旧型号9M133“kornet”导弹发射器，但很快机炮就升级为两门而导弹系统也升级为更加先进的“Ataka”导弹系统。次武器为一对AG-17 30mm榴弹发射器。
车辆为重型装甲-标准的T-72/T-90车体，同时安装了“Relikt”ERA套件来增强车辆受到HEAT弹攻击时的生存能力，通常来自单兵反坦克武器。
车组成员有五人组成（车长，驾驶员，炮手和两名榴弹发射器炮手）。车辆发动机通常来自“原型”坦克（T-72的780HP和T-90的1000HP引擎），不同的引擎影响车辆性能（通常车辆急速被厂商设为60KM/H）。

前排

BMPT五人车组：

Ironically, despite praises from many experts on armored vehicles including the Russian military staff, the BMPT did not become a part of the Russian armed forces. The vehicle (in both the T-72 and the T-90 versions) was tested by the Russian military in 2005.
The Russian forces actually liked the vehicle and in June 2010, the commander of the Russian ground forces General Aleksei Maslov announced that until the end of the year the Russian military would be receiving a company of these vehicles, specifically 10 BMPTs (3 vehicles per platoons, three platoons and one company commander’s vehicle). This statement did not reflect the position of other officials of Russian Ministry of Defense, who earlier that year in April issued another statement, citing the project as unsuccessful. This position was overturned in mid-2017 and it seems that the Russian Army ordered a number of Terminators after all.
具有讽刺意味地是，尽管车辆受到许多俄罗斯军方战车专家的称赞，BMPT并没能加入俄罗斯陆军武装的大家庭。2005年俄罗斯军方对该车辆（包括T-72和T-90版本）进行了实验。
俄罗斯军队实际上喜欢这些车辆并且在2010年6月，俄罗斯陆军将领Aleksei Maslov宣布截止到2010年底陆军将接收一些车辆并组建一个连队特别指出有10辆BMPT（每个排3辆，三个排加上一辆连长指挥车）。但这一声明并不代表国防部其他官员的态度，他们在该年4月份发表了另一项声明，称该项目不成功。这项声明在2017年中期被推翻，看上去俄罗斯陆军最终订购了一批终结者。

At the time, however, this left the producer with one option only – to export them. Kazakhstan however was the only truly interested party in 2010 with three vehicles (T-90 variant) being delivered (incomplete) in order to participate in the Astana military parade of August 30, 2011, only to be delivered back to the producer for completion after that.
In order to find the best way to use these vehicles in combat, the three were then attached to the Almaty land forces institute. There they were tested with the goal of finding suitable tactics for their use.
然而，在当时这只给生产商留下唯一的选择——出口它们。真正感兴趣的只有哈萨克斯坦，为了参加2011年8月30日阿斯塔纳阅兵，他们在2010年订购了三辆（T-90型）并交付（不完备的），并在阅兵后交回工厂继续加工。
为了找出这种车在实战中的最佳使用方法，三辆车被送到了阿拉木图陆军学院。在哪里他们进行了测试，目的是为了找到适合它们使用的战术

These tests included the cooperation with the Russian TOS-1 “Buratino” 220mm rocket launcher that would first cover the target are with a salvo of thermobaric or incendiary missiles and the BMPT’s would then move in to “mop up” any survivors. This tactic – while arguably effective – was found to be problematic: a typical target for the vehicles would be the terrorist insurgents that would – instead of operating in remote locations – be often found infiltrating various residential areas. Using such brutal methods on civilian housing in the effort to dislodge them would certainly constitute a war crime. Nevertheless, the tests were concluded successfully.
这些测试包括与俄罗斯的 TOS-1 “Buratino”博罗季诺220MM喷火坦克的合作，首先由TOS-1齐射温压弹或者燃烧弹覆盖目标然后由BMPT开进战区并对幸存残敌进行“扫除”。这种战术——虽然可以说是有效的的——但也暴露它的出问题：战斗的目标通常是是恐怖叛乱分子，而不是进行远程攻击，常常会进入平民区。火力摧毁居民房屋这样残酷的方法必然会构成战争罪。尽管如此，测试还是圆满结束了。

TOS-1 Buratino:

Based on these trials, a contract was signed between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan to deliver multiple conversion kits for the T-72 tanks in order to turn them into the BMPT’s. The vehicles for Kazakhstan would have some differences compared to the prototypes – namely the electronics used and the fact that because the Kazakhs opted not to equip their vehicles with the grenade launchers, their crews were reduced to three men.
This modification would later be known as the BMPT-72 and currently is offered only in the form of a conversion kit for existing vehicles. The exact total amount of vehicles ordered by Kazakhstan is not known – in addition to the original order of 10 vehicles, 30 more were ordered in 2012 and a license production contract was also signed with the Russians delivering the kits and the Kazakhs assembling them themselves.
Other countries’ reactions to the BMPT were initially lukewarm. The producer claims that in 2012, as many as 12 countries have shown interest and tested the vehicle, including Algeria (that tested the vehicle in April 2013), Azerbaijan and Peru. In 2016, however, Algeria ordered some 300 Terminators, the first major customer for the vehicle. Uralvagonzavod continues to offer the Terminator and it’s possible that the Terminator has not yet said its final word.
基于这些实验，俄罗斯联邦和哈萨克斯坦之间签署了一项合同，提供服务将他们的T-72坦克升级为BMPT。哈萨克斯坦的车辆升级与原型相比有些差异——电子火控的不同并且哈军方没有选择加装榴弹发射器，他们的车组减少到三人。
这项修改后来被称为BMPT-72且目前只提供对现有车辆提供升级套件进行升级的服务。哈萨克斯坦到底升级了多少BMPT我们不得而知——除了最初的10辆外，2012年他们有订购了三十辆并签订了生产许可合同同意由俄方提供升级套件给哈方自行升级。
其他国家最初对BMPT反应冷淡。生产方声称在2012年，多达12个国家对该车感兴趣并进行了测试，包括阿尔及利亚（2013年4月进行测试），阿塞拜疆和秘鲁。最终在2016年阿尔及利亚订购了300辆，成为了最大客户。Uralvagonzavod现在继续出售终结者而且这还不是终结者最后的消息。

BMPT:

BMPT-72:

T-15

完了