Amidst growing opposition, Elagabalus, just 18 years old, was assassinated and replaced by his cousin Alexander Severus on 11 March 222, in a plot formulated by his grandmother, Julia Maesa, and carried out by disaffected members of the Praetorian Guard.
在越来越高的反对声中，211年3月11日，在祖母玛伊莎的谋划下，时年18岁的埃拉加巴卢斯被对其早有不满的禁卫军士兵杀死，他的表弟亚历山大.塞维鲁继承帝位。
Elagabalus developed a reputation among his contemporaries for extreme eccentricity, decadence and zealotry.[5] This tradition has persisted, and in writers of the early modern age he suffers one of the worst reputations among Roman emperors. Edward Gibbon, for example, wrote that Elagabalus "abandoned himself to the grossest pleasures and ungoverned fury."[6] According to B.G. Niebuhr, "The name Elagabalus is branded in history above all others" because of his "unspeakably disgusting life."[7]
在当时人看来，埃拉加巴卢斯极端怪癖、颓废和狂热。这一说法十分流行，近代早期的作家认为他是罗马皇帝中名声最糟糕的一个，例如爱德华.吉本，在写道埃拉加巴卢斯时说“放纵自己的暴虐和恶行。”尼布尔说，“埃拉加巴卢斯的名字在历史上十分出名”并说的他的“行为的恶心无法形容”。

Contents【目录】
1 Family and priesthood【家庭和祭司】
2 Rise to power【权力之路】
3 Emperor (218–222) 【皇帝（218 - 222）】
3.1 Religious controversy【宗教争议】
3.2 Sex/gender controversy【性/性别争议】
3.3 Fall from power【失败】
3.3.1 Assassination【遇刺】

Family and priesthood【家庭和祭司】
Elagabalus was born around the year 203[8] to Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Soaemias Bassiana. His father was initially a member of the equestrian class, but was later elevated to the rank of senator. His grandmother Julia Maesa was the widow of the Consul Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus, the sister of Julia Domna, and the sister-in-law of the emperor Septimius Severus.[9] He had at least one sibling: an unnamed elder brother.[10][11] His mother, Julia Soaemias, was a cousin of the Roman emperor Caracalla. Other relatives included his aunt Julia Avita Mamaea and uncle Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus and among their children, their son Alexander Severus. Elagabalus*s family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god Elagabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high priest at Emesa (modern Homs) in Syria.[8]
埃拉加巴卢斯出生于203年，是赛克斯图斯.维鲁斯.马塞拉斯与朱莉亚.索艾米亚斯.巴西安娜的儿子，他的父亲最初只是骑士阶层，后来晋升为元老。他的祖母朱莉亚.玛伊莎是执政官盖乌斯.尤里乌斯.阿维图斯.阿列克西安努斯（Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus），朱莉亚.多姆纳的姐姐，塞普提米乌斯.塞维鲁皇帝的“小姨子”。此外他至少还有一位不知名的兄弟。他的母亲朱莉亚.索艾米亚斯，是卡拉卡拉皇帝的表妹。其他亲属还包括他的姨妈朱莉亚.阿维提娅.莫米娅和叔叔马尔库斯.尤里乌斯.格西乌斯.马尔西安努斯以及他们的儿子亚历山大.塞维鲁。埃拉加巴卢斯的家族世袭太阳神Elagabal的祭司一职，埃拉加巴卢斯在叙利亚的埃美萨（今霍姆斯）担任大祭司。


【钱币上的玛伊莎】
The deity Elagabalus was initially venerated at Emesa. This form of the god*s name is a Latinized version of the Syrian Ilāh hag-Gabal, which derives from Ilāh (a Semitic word for "god") and gabal (an Aramaic word for "mountain"), resulting in "the God of the Mountain," the Emesene manifestation of the deity.[12] The cult of the deity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century; a dedication has been found as far away as Woerden (Netherlands).[13] The god was later imported and assimilated with the Roman sun god known as Sol Indiges in republican times and as Sol Invictus during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE.[14] In Greek the sun god is Helios, hence "Heliogabalus", a variant of "Elagabalus".
埃拉加巴卢斯（神）最初是在埃美萨被尊崇的神祗，它的拉丁文名称为叙利亚的“Ilāh hag-Gabal”，它来源于“Ilāh ”（闪米特语的“神”）和“gabal”（阿拉米语的“山”），从而产生了“the God of the Mountain”，表现为“Emesene”的神灵。二世纪时，对太阳神的崇拜逐渐传播至帝国其他地区；最远曾在武尔登（荷兰）发现祭祀它的遗迹。它的形象在二至三世纪逐渐与罗马的太阳神索尔融为一体，在希腊则是太阳神赫利俄斯，故此“Heliogabalus”也为“Elagabalus”一词的变体。

Rise to power【权力之路】
When the emperor Macrinus came to power, he suppressed the threat against his reign by the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in Syria.[8] Almost upon arrival in Syria Maesa began a plot, with her advisor and Elagabalus* tutor Gannys, to overthrow Macrinus and elevate the fourteen-year-old Elagabalus to the imperial throne.[8]
马克里努斯皇帝继位后，他放逐了与前任皇帝卡拉卡拉家族有关的人，包括朱莉亚.玛伊莎和她的两个女儿，她的长孙埃拉加巴卢斯，她们返回位于的叙利亚的庄园。在到达叙利亚后不久，玛伊莎便在她的顾问，埃拉加巴卢斯的老师“Gannys”的帮助下，倾覆了马克里努斯的统治，拥立年仅14岁的埃拉加巴卢斯为帝。
His mother publicly declared that he was the illegitimate son of Caracalla, therefore due the loyalties of Roman soldiers and senators who had sworn allegiance to Caracalla.[8] After Julia Maesa displayed her wealth to the Third Legion at Raphana they swore allegiance to Elagabalus. At sunrise on 16 May 218, Publius Valerius Comazon, commander of the legion, declared him emperor.[15] To strengthen his legitimacy through further propaganda, Elagabalus assumed Caracalla*s names, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.[16]
他的母亲公开宣称，他是卡拉卡拉的私生子，因为罗马士兵和元老成曾誓效忠于卡拉卡拉。随后，朱莉亚.玛伊莎展示了她的巨额财富，使驻扎在拿法拉的第三高卢军团转而支持埃拉加巴卢斯。218年5月16日，黎明时分，军团指挥官，普布利乌斯.瓦拉乌斯.康莫赞，宣布他为皇帝。通过进一步宣传以加强他的合法性，埃拉加巴卢斯使用卡拉卡拉的名字，改名为马尔库斯.奥勒利乌斯.安东尼乌斯。

【埃拉加巴卢斯发行的货币，反面为第三高卢军团的标志】
In response Macrinus dispatched his Praetorian prefect Ulpius Julianus to the region with a contingent of troops he considered strong enough to crush the rebellion. However, this force soon joined the faction of Elagabalus when, during the battle, they turned on their own commanders. The officers were killed and Julianus* head was sent back to the emperor.[17]
作为回应马克里努斯派遣他的禁卫军长官奥皮乌斯.尤利安努斯前往叙利亚，他认为当地驻军的实力足以平定叛乱。然而，这些部队很快加入到埃拉加巴卢斯一边，在混战中，部队的指挥官被杀，尤利安努斯的首级被送往皇帝处

Macrinus now sent letters to the Senate denouncing Elagabalus as the False Antoninus and claiming he was insane.[18] Both consuls and other high-ranking members of Rome*s leadership condemned Elagabalus, and the Senate subsequently declared war on both Elagabalus and Julia Maesa.[19]
马克里努斯致信罗马元老院，声称埃拉加巴卢斯为假安东尼，并声称他是疯子，两位执政官和其他高级官员纷纷谴责埃拉加巴卢斯，随后，元老院向埃拉加巴卢斯和朱莉亚.玛伊莎宣战。
Macrinus and his son, weakened by the desertion of the Second Legion due to bribes and promises circulated by Julia Maesa, were defeated on 8 June 218 at the Battle of Antioch by troops commanded by Gannys.[17] Macrinus fled toward Italy, disguised as a courier, but was later intercepted near Chalcedon and executed in Cappadocia.[17] His son Diadumenianus, sent for safety to the Parthian court, was captured at Zeugma and also put to death.[17]
马克里努斯和他的儿子遭到第二军团的背叛，据说是接受了玛伊莎的重金许诺，于218年6月8日在安条克被Gannys指挥的军队击败。马克里努斯易装逃亡意大利，但在卡尔西顿被阻，并在卡帕多西亚被处死。他的儿子迪亚杜门尼安在前往帕提亚途中，在祖格马被俘并被处死。
Elagabalus declared the date of the victory at Antioch to be the beginning of his reign and assumed the imperial titles without prior senatorial approval,[20] which violated tradition but was a common practice among 3rd-century emperors nonetheless. Letters of reconciliation were dispatched to Rome extending amnesty to the Senate and recognizing the laws, while also condemning the administration of Macrinus and his son.[21]
埃拉加巴卢斯宣布安条克的胜利为他的统治的开端，他的地位未得到元老院的承认。这一做法违反惯例，但在三世纪的皇帝中却是十分普遍的事情。和解的信函被送往罗马，宣布赦免元老并承认其地位，同时谴责了马克里努斯和他儿子的统治
The senators responded by acknowledging Elagabalus as emperor and accepting his claim to be the son of Caracalla.[22] Caracalla and Julia Domna were both deified by the Senate, both Julia Maesa and Julia Soaemias were elevated to the rank of Augustae,[23] and the memory of both Macrinus and Diadumenianus was condemned by the Senate.[20] The former commander of the Third Legion, Comazon, was appointed commander of the Praetorian Guard.[24]
作为回应，元老院承接受了埃拉加巴卢斯的帝位，并承认他是卡拉卡拉的儿子。卡拉卡拉和他的母亲朱莉亚.多姆娜被元老院尊为神，朱莉亚.玛伊莎和她的女儿朱莉亚.索艾米亚斯均获得了奥古斯塔（即皇后/皇太后）的称号，马克里努斯和迪亚杜门迪安被元老院施以除忆诅咒。第三军团的指挥官康莫赞被任命为禁卫军司令官

Elagabalus tried to have his presumed lover, the charioteer Hierocles, declared Caesar,[31] while another alleged lover, the athlete Aurelius Zoticus, was appointed to the non-administrative but influential position of Master of the Chamber, or Cubicularius.[32] His offer of amnesty for the Roman upper class was largely honored, though the jurist Ulpian was exiled.[33]
埃拉加巴卢斯将他的秘密情人，赛车手赫罗克拉斯册封为凯撒，而另一位情人，运动员奥勒利乌斯.祖提库斯任命为非行政官员却极具影响力的内侍长。他对罗马的上层大多采取宽赦，虽然仍有著名的法学家乌尔比安被流放。
The relationships between Julia Maesa, Julia Soaemias, and Elagabalus were strong at first. His mother and grandmother became the first women to be allowed into the Senate,[34] and both received senatorial titles: Soaemias the established title of Clarissima, and Maesa the more unorthodox Mater Castrorum et Senatus ("Mother of the army camp and of the Senate").[23] While Julia Maesa tried to position herself as the power behind the throne and thus the most powerful woman in the world, Elagabalus would prove to be highly independent, set in his ways, and impossible to control.
埃拉加巴卢斯的祖母朱莉亚.玛伊莎，母亲朱莉亚.索艾米亚斯是首位被允许进入元老院的女性，并得到了元老院授予的尊号，索艾米亚斯被成为“Clarissima”，玛伊莎则被称为“unorthodox Mater Castrorum et Senatus”。尽管玛伊莎试图确立自己在皇位背后的权力，成为世界上最有权势的女人。埃拉加巴卢斯却被证明不愿作为傀儡，受人摆布，因此无法对其加以影响

Religious controversy【宗教争议】
Since the reign of Septimius Severus, sun worship had increased throughout the Empire.[35] Elagabalus saw this as an opportunity to install Elagabal as the chief deity of the Roman pantheon. The god was renamed Deus Sol Invictus, meaning God the Undefeated Sun, and honored above Jupiter.[36]
塞维鲁王朝以来，太阳升崇拜在整个帝国境内里流通，埃拉加巴卢斯认为这是将移入万神殿的机会。它被改名为索尔，意为不败的太阳神和木星的荣耀。
As a token of respect for Roman religion, however, Elagabalus joined either Astarte, Minerva, Urania, or some combination of the three to Elagabal as wife.[37] Before constructing a temple in dedication to Elagabal, Elagabalus placed the meteorite of Elagabal next to the throne of Jupiter at the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
为尊重罗马传统宗教的象征，埃拉加巴卢斯将阿施塔特（爱情女神）、弥涅尔瓦（智慧女神，即希腊神话中的雅典娜）和缪斯（命运女神）等三位女神作为埃拉伽巴尔的妻子，并举行了盛大的“婚礼”。并在朱庇特神庙旁边为埃拉伽巴尔建立神殿，以供奉象征埃拉伽巴尔的陨石。
He caused further discontent when he himself married the Vestal Virgin Aquilia Severa, claiming the marriage would produce "godlike children".[38] This was a flagrant breach of Roman law and tradition, which held that any Vestal found to have engaged in sexual intercourse was to be buried alive.[39]
他的行为又引起了进一步的不满，他迎娶了维斯塔贞女阿奎利亚.赛维拉为妻，并声称这段婚姻将会产生“神之子”。此举公然违背罗马的法律和传统，维斯塔贞女要终身侍奉神明，不得与异性发生关系，否则竟被活埋。

Sex/gender controversy【性别争议】
Elagabalus* sexual orientation and gender identity are the subject of much debate. Elagabalus married and divorced five women,[38] three of whom are known. His first wife was Julia Cornelia Paula;[37] the second was the Vestal Virgin Julia Aquilia Severa.[37]
埃拉加巴卢斯的性取向和性别属性具有争议。埃拉加巴卢斯先后与五位女性结婚又离婚，其中三位已知。第一位妻子是朱莉亚.柯尼利亚.保拉，第二位则是维斯塔贞女朱莉亚.阿奎利亚.赛维拉。
Within a year, he abandoned her and married Annia Aurelia Faustina,[37] a descendant of Marcus Aurelius and the widow of a man recently executed by Elagabalus. He had returned to his second wife Severa by the end of the year.[38] According to Cassius Dio, his most stable relationship seems to have been with his chariot driver, a blond slave from Caria named Hierocles, whom he referred to as his husband.[31]
然而不到一年，她便被抛弃，埃拉加巴卢斯又迎娶了马尔库斯.奥勒利乌斯的后裔，孀居的阿妮亚.奥勒利娅.福斯缇娜。他的第二段婚姻于当年年底结束。根据卡西乌斯.迪奥记载，他与一名御者关系密切，来自卡里亚的赫拉克勒斯，他被称为他的丈夫。

【金币正面为埃拉加巴卢斯，反面为黄金战车】
The Augustan History claims that he also married a man named Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, in a public ceremony at Rome.[41] Cassius Dio reported that Elagabalus would paint his eyes, epilate his hair and wear wigs before prostituting himself in taverns, brothels,[42] and even in the imperial palace:
《奥古斯都史》称，他还娶了一名叫佐提库斯的士麦那运动员，并在罗马举行公共庆典。埃拉加巴卢斯将自己打扮成妓女模样，在酒馆、妓院甚至皇宫中：
Finally, he set aside a room in the palace and there committed his indecencies, always standing nude at the door of the room, as the harlots do, and shaking the curtain which hung from gold rings, while in a soft and melting voice he solicited the passers-by. There were, of course, men who had been specially instructed to play their part. For, as in other matters, so in this business, too, he had numerous agents who sought out those who could best please him by their foulness. He would collect money from his patrons and give himself airs over his gains; he would also dispute with his associates in this shameful occupation, claiming that he had more lovers than they and took in more money.[43]
最后，他在皇宫中留出一间房间，并做出下流的动作，经常落体站在房间门口，用戴着金戒指的手摇曳窗帘，他以柔软的声音请求路人。男人被特别要求发挥其作用，并收取金钱。
Herodian commented that Elagabalus enhanced his natural good looks by the regular application of cosmetics.[37] He was described as having been "delighted to be called the mistress, the wife, the queen of Hierocles" and was reported to have offered vast sums of money to any physician who could equip him with female genitalia.[32] Elagabalus has been characterized by some modern writers as transgender, perhaps transsexual.[44][45]
赫罗迪安曾这样评价道，埃拉加巴卢斯经常使用化妆品增加他的美貌。他这样描述“他很高兴被人称为情人、妻子和赫拉克勒斯女王”，据说，他给了医生大笔金钱，试图获得女性生殖器。埃拉加巴卢斯被一些现代作家具有女性特征，也许已经变性。

哦哦哦哦哦哦！

Fall from power【失败】
By 221 Elagabalus* eccentricities, particularly his relationship with Hierocles,[31] increasingly provoked the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard.[29] When Elagabalus* grandmother Julia Maesa perceived that popular support for the emperor was waning, she decided that he and his mother, who had encouraged his religious practices, had to be replaced.[29] As alternatives, she turned to her other daughter, Julia Avita Mamaea, and her daughter*s son, the thirteen-year-old Severus Alexander.[29]
221年，埃拉加巴卢斯的怪癖行为，尤其是他与赫拉克勒斯的关系，越来越引起了禁卫军士兵的不满。他的祖母朱莉亚.玛伊莎认为皇帝已经逐渐失去了民众的支持，他的母亲则支持他的宗教活动，她不得不对他加以替换。作为替代方案，她将目光转向她的另一个女儿，朱莉亚.阿维提亚.莫米娅和她的儿子，年仅十三岁的亚历山大.塞维鲁。
Prevailing on Elagabalus, she arranged that he appoint his cousin Alexander as his heir and be given the title of Caesar. Alexander shared the consulship with the emperor that year.[29] However, Elagabalus reconsidered this arrangement when he began to suspect that the Praetorian Guard preferred his cousin above himself.[46]
他安排埃拉加巴卢斯将他的表弟亚历山大立为凯撒和共治皇帝，以作为他的继承人，然而，当埃拉加巴卢斯重新考虑这一安排时，却开始怀疑禁卫军支持他的表弟。
Following the failure of various attempts on Alexander*s life, Elagabalus stripped his cousin of his titles, revoked his consulship, and circulated the news that Alexander was near death, in order to see how the Praetorians would react.[46] A riot ensued, and the guard demanded to see Elagabalus and Alexander in the Praetorian camp.[46]
随后，多次尝试铲除亚历山大，但都以失败告终。埃拉加巴卢斯剥夺了他的头衔，取消了他的公职，又放出亚历山大被杀死的消息，以观察众人的反应。禁卫军发生叛乱，他们要求在禁卫军营地中见到埃拉加巴卢斯和亚历山大。

【亚历山大.塞维鲁】

Assassination【遇刺】
The emperor complied and on 11 March 222 he publicly presented his cousin along with his own mother, Julia Soaemias. On their arrival the soldiers started cheering Alexander while ignoring Elagabalus, who ordered the summary arrest and execution of anyone who had taken part in this display of insubordination.[46] In response, members of the Praetorian Guard attacked Elagabalus and his mother:
222年3月11日，他与母亲朱莉亚.索艾米亚斯和表弟亚历山大公开露面，当他们到达时，禁卫军对亚历山大报以热烈的欢呼，而被忽略的埃拉加巴卢斯对此十分不满，他下令逮捕并处决那些有犯上举动者，作为回应，禁卫军袭击了埃拉加巴卢斯和他母亲。
So he made an attempt to flee, and would have got away somewhere by being placed in a chest, had he not been discovered and slain, at the age of 18. His mother, who embraced him and clung tightly to him, perished with him; their heads were cut off and their bodies, after being stripped naked, were first dragged all over the city, then the mother*s body was cast aside somewhere or other while his was thrown into the [Tiber].[47]
他试图逃跑，却被当胸一剑杀死，死时年仅18岁.他的母亲则紧紧地抱住他，与他一同被杀。他们首级被斩下，尸体被拖着游街示众。他母亲的尸体或被抛弃在其他地方，而他则被抛入台伯河。
Following his assassination, many associates of Elagabalus were killed or deposed, including his lover Hierocles .[47] His religious edicts were reversed and the stone of Elagabal was sent back to Emesa.[48] Women were again barred from attending meetings of the Senate.[34][49] The practice of damnatio memoriae—erasing from the public record a disgraced personage formerly of note—was systematically applied in his case.[50]
埃拉加巴卢斯被杀后，他的宠臣们纷纷遭殃，或被杀死或遭流放，包括他的情人赫拉克勒斯。他的宗教法令被废止，象征着埃拉伽巴尔的黑色陨石被送回埃美萨，女性被再次禁止参加元老院会议。关于他的那些不光彩的行为，被从公共记录中系统性的删除。

人家不就搞了个基么，多大仇啊

黑得伸手不见五指阿，让我想起昌邑王刘贺，登基不到半年犯下二百七十多条大罪……

哇