.44 Remington Magnum and its relatives
0.44英寸口径子弹家族

.44Magnum

从左至右
3" 12 gauge Magnum shotgun shell
AA Battery (for size comparison)
.454 Casull
.45 Winchester Magnum
.44 Remington Magnum
.357 Magnum
.38 Special
.45 ACP
.38 Super
9 mm Luger
.32 ACP
.22 LR
.44Spec
The .44 Remington Magnum, or simply .44
Magnum, is a large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers. After
introduction, it was quickly adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the
".44" designation, all guns chambered for the .44 Magnum case, and
its parent case, the .44 Special, use bullets of
approximately 0.429 in (10.9 mm) diameter.
点四四，是一种大威力左轮手枪子弹，不过一面世就有一票步枪和卡宾枪开始使用它。虽说名字叫做点四四，但实际上包括其本身和它的母本.44 Special，弹头都是0.429英寸的规格。
The .44 Magnum is based on a lengthened .44
Special case, loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity (and thus,
energy). The .44 Magnum has since been eclipsed in power by the .454 Casull,
among others; nevertheless, it has remained one of the most popular commercial
large-bore magnum cartridges.
.44Mag相当于.44spec的药筒加长版，膛压增加，初速度和枪口动能增加。虽然被.454Casull已经全面超越其性能，但无论如何，.44Mag是最成功的商业化马格南弹药。

Keith encouraged Smith & Wesson and
Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high pressure loading,
and revolvers chambered for it. While S&W produced the first prototype
revolver chambered in .44 Magnum, the famous Model 29, Sturm, Ruger actually
beat S&W to market by several months in 1956 with a .44 Magnum version of
the single action Blackhawk revolver. The exact reason for this is unclear. One
version says a Ruger employee found a cartridge case marked ".44
Remington Magnum" and took it to Bill Ruger, while another says
a Remington employee provided Ruger with early samples of the ammunition. Ruger
introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine chambered for .44
Magnum, in 1959, and Marlin followed soon after with a lever action model 1894
in .44 Magnum.
The .44 Magnum case is slightly longer than
the .44 Special case, not because of the need for more room for propellant, but
to prevent the far higher pressure cartridge from being chambered in older,
weaker .44 Special firearms, thus preventing injuries and possible deaths.
The .44 Magnum was an immediate success,
and the direct descendants of the S&W Model 29 and the .44 Magnum Ruger
Blackhawks are still in production, and have been joined by numerous other
makes and models of .44 Magnum revolvers and even a handful of semi-automatic
models, the first being the .44 Automag, produced in the 1960s. The debut of
the Clint Eastwood star-vehicle film Dirty Harry (1971) prominently featuring
the S&W M29 contributed to that model's popularity (as well as the
cartridge itself).
Keith鼓励史韦和雷明顿将这种高膛压子弹商业化，并且生产对应的转轮手枪。史密斯-维森接受了他的意见，最后开发出著名大口径转轮手枪S&W M29。虽然M29堪称伟大，但是史密斯-维森却并没有在早期的争夺中占得先机——老牌轻武器厂商司徒姆-鲁格公司至少先于M29几个月推出了.44Mag单动左轮手枪“黑鹰”。原因现在已不可考。有一个版本说是鲁格公司的雇员突然发现一种叫做.44 Remington Magnum的子弹并把这件事告诉了公司老板；另一个版本带有些传奇色彩，说是一名雷明顿内部员工给了鲁格公司这种子弹的早期试验品。另外，第一支使用.44Mag的长枪也是鲁格开发的，那是1959年问世的一种半自动卡宾枪。后来Marlin很快也开发了一种杠杆原理的M1894步枪，同样发射.44Magnum。
.44Mag的药筒比.44Spec更长，这倒不是主要因为火药增加了，而是为了防止早期的转轮手枪误用新型子弹。早期的手枪结构都相对脆弱，使用.44Mag容易炸膛。
.44Mag迅速获得了成功，上文提到的两种手枪的后继型都在发展，而且还不断的有新的产品加入，这其中既有转轮手枪又有自动手枪——比如20世纪60年代出品的.44AutoMag。
伊斯特伍德和M29之间也有一些关系。在伊斯特伍德的代表作之一《警探哈里》中，M29出场，并迅速引起了人们的注意，在一定程度上增加了M29的人气。

Although marketed as a .44 caliber, the .44
Magnum, and its previous model .44 Special parent, are actually .429-.430
caliber. The .44 designation is a carry over from the early measurements of
"heeled" bullets, used in the later 19th century. In those times,
bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the
cartridge. After the .44 S&W Russian was developed, the forefather of the
.44 Special and thus the .44 Magnum, the measurement of bullet caliber, was
taken from inside of the cartridge. Resulting in .429 caliber. Instead of
confusing buyers who were used to .44 caliber revolvers, the original .44
designation was kept for market recognition.
虽然说.44子弹被叫做.44子弹，但是这两种.44子弹都不是严格的0.44英寸口径，而是介乎0.429和0.43英寸之间。19世纪晚期，测量子弹口径时都取外径而并非内径，但是.44Russian的时代，测量子弹口径都是取内径了，不过为了不妨碍消费者选购手枪，还是保留了旧式称呼。

那个子弹一开始还以为是电池

.44Spec子弹表现
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
200 gr (13 g) Semi-Wadcutter HP 870 ft/s (270 m/s) 336 ft·lbf (456 J)
246 gr (15.9 g) LRN 755 ft/s (230 m/s) 310 ft·lbf (420 J)
Test barrel length: 4 in (vented) ¹ / 6 in
.44Mag子弹表现
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
200 gr (13 g) JHP 1,282 ft/s (391 m/s) 760
ft·lbf (1,030 J)
225 gr (14.6 g) XPB Lead Free 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s) 1,124 ft·lbf (1,524 J)
240 gr (16 g) Bonded JSP* 1,500 ft/s (460 m/s) 1,200 ft·lbf (1,600 J)
320 gr (21 g) WFNGC HC* 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s) 1,201 ft·lbf (1,628 J)
340 gr (22 g) LFN +P+ 1,325 ft/s (404 m/s) 1,533
ft·lbf (2,078 J)
Test barrel length: 7.5" (*6.5")
以上表格的规则和以前相同，从左至右子弹弹头重量、类型、枪口初速度、枪口动能，最下面测试用枪管长度。

The F.B.I. contacted Smith & Wesson and
requested it to design a handgun to F.B.I. specifications, based on the
existing large-frame S&W Model 4506 .45 ACP handgun, that would reliably
function with the F.B.I.'s reduced velocity 10mm ammunition.
During this collaboration with the FBI,
S&W realized that downloading the 10mm full power to meet the F.B.I. medium
velocity specification meant less powder and more airspace in the case. They
found that by removing the airspace they could shorten the 10 mm case enough to
fit within their medium-frame 9mm handguns and load it with a 180 gr (12 g) JHP
bullet to produce ballistic performance identical to the FBI's reduced velocity
10mm cartridge. S&W then teamed with Winchester to produce a new cartridge,
the .40 S&W.
FBI和史密斯-维森签署了合作协议研制新型手枪，要求必须达到FBI手枪一贯的设计标准，发射10mm FBI子弹，基于FBI已装备的点四五S&W M4506。在设计过程中，史韦的技术人员发现，FBI的新型子弹实际上等同于减少装药量的auto，而减少装药意味着蛋壳中有更多空间，如果移除这些空间，子弹就可以装到原来为了发射919而设计的手枪之内，如采用12克重的弹头的话，还可以获得不错的弹道特性。史密斯-维森和温彻斯特合作开发了新型子弹，也就是我们现在统称的.40S&W。

The .40 S&W case length and overall
cartridge length are shortened, but other dimensions except case web and wall
thickness remain identical to the 10mm Auto. Both cartridges headspace on the
mouth of the case. Thus in a semi-auto they are not interchangeable. Fired from
a 10mm pistol the .40 Smith & Wesson cartridge will headspace on the
extractor and the bullet will jump a .142 inch freebore just like a .38 Special
fired from a .357 Magnum pistol. If the cartridge is not held by the extractor,
the chances for a ruptured primer are great.
虽说.40 S&W的轴向长度和药筒长度被缩短了，但是其他的尺寸参数几乎和auto相同，尤其是轴向尺寸。这两种子弹都是headspace在弹壳的末端开口处，因此在自动手枪上两者不能互换。在auto手枪上发射.40 S&W的时候，headspace在退壳钩上，击发后子弹会向前跳跃0.142英寸，你们可以用在.357Mag手枪上发射.38spec时的情况做类比。如果子弹没有成功抽壳，那么底火击穿事故发生的概率就会大增。
.40 S&W子弹数据
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
135 gr (8.7 g) Federal Premium JHP Reduced
Recoil 1,190 ft/s (360 m/s) 424 ft·lbf (575 J)
155 gr (10.0 g) Guardian Gold JHP 1,205 ft/s (367 m/s) 500 ft·lbf (680 J)
165 gr (10.7 g) Remington Golden Saber 1,150 ft/s (350 m/s) 485 ft·lbf (658 J)
180 gr (12 g) Magtech FMJ-FP 1,050 ft/s (320 m/s) 441 ft·lbf (598 J)
200 gr (13 g) Doubletap FMJ-FP 1,050 ft/s (320 m/s) 490 ft·lbf (660 J)
Test barrel length: 4 in.
10mm auto子弹数据（6英寸枪管初速度要多100米每秒左右）
Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
135 gr (8.7 g) Underwood HP 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) 767 ft·lbf (1,040 J)
150 gr (9.7 g) Nosler JHP 1,475 ft/s (450 m/s) 725 ft·lbf (983 J)
165 gr (10.7 g) Gold Dot Bonded HP 1,400 ft/s (430 m/s) 718 ft·lbf (973 J)
180 gr (12 g) Hornady XTP 1,350 ft/s (410 m/s) 728 ft·lbf (987 J)
180 gr (12 g) Federal/American Eagle FMJ 1,030 ft/s (310 m/s) 424 ft·lbf (575 J)
Test barrel length: 4.6 in.
10mm auto和马格南子弹的对比，从左至右分别为枪口动能、弹头重量、初速度
.357 Magnum: 676 ft·lbf (917 J) for 180 gr
(12 g) 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s)
10mm Auto: 750 ft·lbf (1,020 J) for 200 gr
(13 g) 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s)
.41 Magnum: 938 ft·lbf (1,272 J) for 250 gr
(16 g) 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s)

In addition to its military role, it is
increasingly used by hunters and civilian long-range shooting enthusiasts. The
.338 Lapua Magnum is capable of taking down any game animal, though its
suitability for some dangerous game (Cape buffalo, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros
and elephant) is arguable.
军事上成就突出，民用市场上很多热爱远距离射击和打猎的人们也在采购这种枪弹。338可以打死各种常见的猎物，虽然有人认为其不能有效的用于狩猎大水牛、河马、白犀牛和大象。
In 1983, Research Armament
Industries (RAI) in the United States began development of a new,
long-range sniper cartridge capable of firing a 16.2-gram (250 gr), 0.338-inch
(8.6 mm) diameter bullet at 914 metres per second (3,000 ft/s) that could
penetrate five layers of military body armour at 1,000 m (1,094 yd) and still
make the kill. After preliminary experiments, a .416 Rigby case necked down to
take a 0.338-inch (8.6 mm) bullet was selected, since this diameter presents an
optimum of sectional density and penetrating capability for practical spin
stabilized rifle bullets (bullets up to about 5 to 5.5 calibers in length).
During the process RAI employed Brass
Extrusion Labs Ltd. (BELL) of Bensenville, Illinois, to make the .338/416 or
8.58×71mm cartridge cases, Hornady produced bullets, and RAI built a sniper
rifle under contract for the U.S. Navy. RAI found that the BELL cases did not fulfill
the requirements. Pressed by military deadlines RAI looked for another case
producer and contacted Lapua of Finland in 1984. RAI was forced to drop out of
the program due to financial difficulties. Subsequently, Lapua of Finland put
this cartridge into limited production. The .338/416 rifle program was later
cancelled when the contractors were unable to make the cartridge meet the
project's velocity target 16.2 gram at 914 m/s (250 gr at 3000 ft/s), due to
weak brass cases.
1983年，RAI开始试制一种发射16.2克弹头、0.338英寸弹头直径的子弹，要求初速度在914米以上，至少在1000米距离上可以击穿一般防弹衣并破坏人体有效要件。经过初步实验，技术人员选择了径向尺寸缩减到0.338英寸的.416rigby，因为对于一般的旋转稳定弹头来说，这种子弹可以提供最佳的弹道截面密度和侵彻力（弹头长度大概是5到5.5倍径）。
RAI雇佣了伊利诺伊州本森威尔的Brass
Extrusion Labs Ltd (BELL)来设计新子弹的弹壳，Hornady设计弹头，RAI根据和美国海军的合同设计对应的狙击枪。但是，RAI很快发现BELL的弹壳设计不合要求，以至于他们不得不另谋高就，1984年最后给了芬兰的Lapua一份弹壳设计合同。最后由于经济原因，RAI退出了合同，随后，Lapua开始小规模的生产这种子弹。而美国海军的步枪则由于早期338脆弱的弹壳而没法达到规定的16.2克弹头/914米每秒初速度这个指标，以至于计划被取消。

The current .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge was
developed as a joint venture between the Finnish rifle manufacturer SAKO and
the British rifle manufacturer Accuracy International and the Finnish
ammunition manufacturer Lapua.
Lapua opted to redesign the .338/416
cartridge. In the new case design, particular attention was directed toward
thickening and metallurgically strengthening the case's web and sidewall
immediately forward of the web. In modern solid head cases, the hardness of the
brass is the major factor that determines a case's pressure limit before
undergoing plastic deformation. Lapua also designed a 16.2-gram (250 gr) .338
calibre Lock Base B408 full metal jacket bullet, modeled after its .30 calibre Lock Base bullet configuration. The result was the .338
Lapua Magnum cartridge which was registered with C.I.P. (Commission
Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) in 1989.
With the procurement by the Dutch Army, the cartridge became NATO codified.
现在的338是由芬兰的SAKO、英国的精确国际和Lapua合作开发的。Lapua接受了RAI的烂摊子，重新设计了这种子弹。新的设计特别加厚并在材质上强化了弹壳，因为对于现代的实心枪弹，弹壳的屈服强度是影响膛压的最关键因素。Lapua也利用自己原来设计的7.62毫米Lock Base弹头设计了一种16.2克的Lock Base B408全金属被甲弹头，这就是现代的338，1989年正式在CIP注册；在荷兰人采购这种子弹之后，北约也将其列入了自己的武器清单。

The .338 Lapua Magnum is considered an
ideal military long-range anti-personnel cartridge by long-range sniping
specialists like John D. Taylor and Dean Michaelis. It fills the gap between
weapons chambered for standard military rounds such as the 7.62x51mm NATO and
large, weighty rifles firing the .50 BMG cartridge. It also offers a tolerable
amount of barrel wear, which is important to military snipers who tend to fire
thousands of rounds in practice every year to acquire and maintain expert
long-range marksmanship. Like every other comparable big magnum rifle cartridge
the .338 Lapua Magnum presents a stout recoil. An appropriate fitting stock and
an effective muzzle brake will help to reduce recoil induced problems, enabling
the operator to fire more rounds before getting too uncomfortable to shoot
accurately. Good factory loads, multiple projectile weights and factory special
application ammunition are all available.
338在优秀的狙击手，比如John D.
Taylor和Dean Michaelis手中是远距离狙杀的利器。使用这种子弹的步枪成为军用标准子弹.308win和发射.50BMG的重型步枪之间很好的一个补充。另外，338不会让枪管磨损的太快，这样对于那些每年要进行几千发子弹射击练习来保持自己手感的狙击手来说是个福音。装上一个合适的枪托，再选一个不错的制退器，基本上后坐力问题也解决了，狙击手因为后座力而产生不适而射击精度降低的情况也得到了缓解。338生产商提供的服务包括精密弹头和多种弹头重量选择，以及对子弹设计其他方面的特殊要求。

军宅出来吃沙包了!!(跪

Ballistic performance
Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy
12.96 g (200.0 gr) SP 1,019 m/s (3,340 ft/s) 6,734 J (4,967 ft·lbf)
16.20 g (250.0 gr) Partition 897 m/s (2,940 ft/s) 6,516 J (4,806 ft·lbf)
16.20 g (250.0 gr) Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD 910 m/s (3,000 ft/s) 6,634 J (4,893 ft·lbf)
19.44 g (300.0 gr) Sierra HPBT MatchKing 826 m/s (2,710 ft/s) 6,632 J (4,892 ft·lbf)
19.44 g (300.0 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD 837 m/s (2,750 ft/s) 6,810 J (5,020 ft·lbf)
Test barrel length: 660 mm (26.0 inches)

前，插。