52. 浦雷斯/プレッシー/Plessie

初登场作品：超级马里奥3D世界（2013，WiiU）
日文原名为“浦雷西”，与耀西（ヨッシー）、海龙王（ドッシー）以及诺西（ノッシー）有着相同的命名规律（“西字辈”的龙族似乎都比较温顺）。浦雷斯出现在3D世界及其复刻追加内容狂怒世界中。它允许最多四名可玩角色乘坐它通过某些关卡或关卡的部分，类似于海龙王。它的英文名字是蛇颈龙（plesiosaur）和“Nessie”的组合；前者是一种已灭绝的大型海洋爬行动物，经常被混淆为恐龙，后者是尼斯湖水怪的昵称。3D世界的英国官方游戏页面在描述中称浦雷斯为恐龙，尽管它是以蛇颈龙命名的，而蛇颈龙不是恐龙。它是以双足行走的幻龙（Nothosaur）为原型设计的，这种生物也不是恐龙，是生活得比蛇颈龙早得多的鳍龙类。

在游戏中，它的高度大约是马里奥的三到四倍，尽管3D世界的原声带中的图片显示它的高度只有马里奥的两倍。它的大肚子使它能够快速地在水中滑行。每只脚的底部，包括脚趾，都完全呈白色。它的背部有四条深色条纹，圆滑头冠垂直于尾巴。它的每只眼睛都有一个橙色的眼睑、一个白色的巩膜和一个被水绿色虹膜包围的椭圆形大瞳孔。它的口鼻上部像鳄鱼一样细长，靠近顶部有一个白色突出的末端，有两个鼻孔。它的尾巴很长，末端有一个三裂的青色结构，位于冠状面上。脖子左侧打结的是一条红色的大牛仔方巾。浦雷斯的设计与耀西的设计有一些共同之处，比如短腿的两足姿势，横跨下半身的白色软组织，白色巩膜指向前方的椭圆形大眼睛，鼻孔位于口鼻上部圆形突出端的顶部附近，后脑勺有一个脊，尽管浦雷斯的脊形状与耀西的不同。《超级马里奥兄弟百科全书》的法语翻译使用“il”（他）一词来描述浦雷斯，其可以表示男性或未确定的性别，因为男性在法语中也可以具有中性含义。然而，德语翻译在同一描述中使用了“sie”（她）和“ihr”（她）这两个术语，表明浦雷斯是女性。3D世界的德语游戏页面将浦雷斯描述为“Dinosaurier”（恐龙），这是德语中的一个阳性词，因此将其称为雄性，这可以从“den freundlichen Dinosaurier”和“der”的使用中看出。在《任天堂杂志》2023年夏季版的英文版中，浦雷斯被称为“他”。

在3D世界及3D世界+狂怒世界中，浦雷斯首次出现在浦雷斯的噗通河流中，角色必须在那里骑着它穿过河流才能到达终点旗杆。它也出现在阳光海滩的一段、浦雷斯的滑沙沙丘（在那里乘它滑过沙子）、游啊游啊水电梯的一段和彩虹公园的一段中。在所有这些区域，浦雷斯必须由所有角色乘上才能打开大门。然后，它将自动向前移动到水平或剖面的末端。如果一个或多个玩家在至少一个玩家登上浦雷斯后没有登上，那么其他玩家将在短暂的片刻后传送到浦雷斯上。在“最终！冠军之路”中，浦雷斯与其他友好的不可玩角色一起出现在舞台的尽头，向玩家表示祝贺，但无法骑行。它也出现在3D世界的标题界面上，以及字幕中。


浦雷斯也有浦雷斯的噗通河流的印章。要控制浦雷斯，玩家必须将摇杆倾斜到他们正在使用的控制器上。向左或向右倾斜会使浦雷斯朝那个方向移动，向上或向下倾斜会使浦雷斯加速或减速。如果任何玩家按下跳跃按钮，浦雷斯就会跳跃，这可以帮助它穿过金币环（索尼克应该对这个很熟）或收集绿色星星。如果多个玩家同时按下跳跃按钮，根据合作玩家的数量，浦雷斯会跳得更高。这也适用于多个玩家倾斜他们的摇杆，这将使浦雷斯更多地朝着给定的方向移动。如果浦雷斯在关卡中摔下去，那么失去的生命数量等于骑行的玩家数量。在乘坐Plessie之前和之后，GamePad玩家（在WiiU版本中）或任何玩家（在NS版本中）都可以使用触摸光标抚摸它。这样做会让它大笑，并给玩家五枚金币。浦雷斯还以更突出的角色出现在狂怒世界中。在击败狂怒酷霸王一次成为巨型猫咪马里奥后，它出现在湖边的巨型铃铛附近，并帮助马里奥背着他穿越猫咪之湖的水域。就像在3D世界中一样，浦雷斯可以在地上游泳和滑行。然而，玩家现在可以完全控制自己的动作。此外，通过按下Y键（使用双持Joy-Con或Pro手柄时）或左键（使用单个Joy-Con时），浦雷斯将在水下短时间潜水，这是在狂怒世界独有的动作。在水下时，马里奥可以躲避敌人和狂怒酷霸王的攻击。在完成潜水后，如果玩家在浦雷斯一出水就按下跳跃按钮，它就会向前跃起，产生闪闪发光的效果，从而加快行进速度。这一动作也出现在加载画面上使用的浦雷斯动图中。在地面上不被骑的时候，浦雷斯会前后移动尾巴；尾巴可以攻击敌人。

浦雷斯还可以在马里奥骑着它的时候通过接触大多数敌人来击败他们，并可以用同样的方法伤到狂怒影子。通过接触普通砖块、问号方块、木箱和箭头符号，浦雷斯能完全摧毁它们，除非马里奥离开并重新进入物体所在的岛屿，否则它们不会再次出现。它也可以通过这种方式摧毁水管，只在原地留下碎片；如果它摧毁了螺旋桨堡垒底部的绿色水管，第一座塔顶部的水管也将被摧毁。如果它与移动的绿龟壳接触，即使它在水面上移动，也会使其偏转。如果无敌马里奥接触或骑上浦雷斯，它也会在相同的时间内获得他的状态。当马里奥不骑浦雷斯时，它会出现在水中，潜水并在靠近马里奥的地方重新浮出水面。其中一些地点位于靠近岛屿入口的小码头。如果浦雷斯与猫饭山上的熔岩接触，它将消失并重新出现在附近的水中。如果马里奥骑着浦雷斯进入覆盖猫咪之湖的黑色粘稠物中，它将立即潜入粘稠物下，并在没有粘稠物的水域重新浮出水面，使马里奥容易受到粘稠物的伤害。


浦雷斯的肖像也出现在Timer Gate和浦雷斯奖章上。当马里奥与这两个物体接触时，它们都会开始定时挑战，这两种类型的挑战都需要骑着浦雷斯才能完成。浦雷斯必须在与巨型酷霸王的战役的最后一场BOSS战斗中使用，在战斗中，它必须撞击到他的水晶球中以破坏它。在战斗结束时，这个水晶球破裂，浦雷斯同时收集了三个巨型铃铛，成为巨型猫咪浦雷斯。巨猫浦雷斯的巨大体型让巨形酷霸王在接触时飞了起来并击败了他，将他变回了原样。

该战役的最后一个过场以镜头缩小结束，显示所述过场发生在巨猫浦雷斯的背上。在观看了片尾字幕并返回游戏后，尽管恢复到了正常大小，但浦雷斯仍然是猫咪浦雷斯。在这种情况下，除了马里奥，它还可以背上最多三只小猫，让小猫可以移动到不同的岛屿。作为猫咪浦雷斯，它长出了毛皮和猫耳朵，尾巴被猫尾巴取代，后脚的脚底也被改成了猫爪。巨猫浦雷斯只是这种外观的一种更大的形式（比巨猫马里奥和狂怒酷霸王都大）。在3D世界和狂怒世界中，浦雷斯在被骑行时都被赋予了独特的BGM。3D世界里的BGM是超马64中“Slider”的改编。狂怒世界里的是猫咪之湖主题的弱拍版本，由小提琴等其他乐器演奏。当浦雷斯移动时，更多的乐器如小号会加入。

幻龙是远古时期鳍龙类的一种，（其他鳍龙类包括蛇颈龙类和盾齿龙类），属三叠纪时期动物，据今达2.43亿年，它们体型大小不一，最小的只有36厘米，最大的长达6米，长有锐利的牙齿，捕食各种鱼类，另外幻龙的四肢相当发达，可以想象它们会爬上岸捕食或产卵。幻龙的化石见于亚洲西南部和东部、非洲北部以及欧洲的三叠系。中国贵州、湖北盛产幻龙类化石。

回复 五星意大利? :秋裤2300m到2600m能成交

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参考文献：
Alvarez VA, Sabatini BL. 2007. Anatomical and physiological plasticity of
dendritic spines [J]. Annu Rev Neurosci, 30: 79-97.
Amaral MD, Pozzo-Miller L. 2009. The dynamics of excitatory synapse
formation on dendritic spines [J]. Cellscience, 5(4): 19-25.
Bear MF, Huber KM, Warren ST. 2004. The mGluR theory of fragile X
mental retardation [J]. Trends Neurosci, 27(7): 370-377.
Bhatt DH, Zhang SX, Gan WB. 2009. Dendritic spine dynamics [J]. Annu
Rev Physiol, 71: 261-282.
Bourne J, Harris KM. 2007. Do thin spines learn to be mushroom spines
that remember [J]? Curr Opin Neurobiol, 17(3): 381-386.
Chen JL, Nedivi E. 2010. Neuronal structural remodeling: is it all about
access [J]? Curr Opin Neurobiol, 20(5): 557-562.
Chklovskii DB, Mel BW, Svoboda K. 2004. Cortical rewiring and
information storage [J]. Nature, 431(7010): 782-788.
Dahlen JE, Jimenez DA, Gerkin RC, Urban NN. 2011. Morphological
analysis of activity-reduced adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory
bulb [J]. Front Neurosci, 5: 66.
De Paola V, Holtmaat A, Knott G, Song S, Wilbrecht L, Caroni P, Svoboda
K. 2006. Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and
boutons in the adult neocortex [J]. Neuron, 49(6): 861-875.
Derkach VA, Oh MC, Guire ES, Soderling TR. 2007. Regulatory
mechanisms of AMPA receptors in synaptic plasticity [J]. Nat Rev
Neurosci, 8(2): 101-113.
Engert F, Bonhoeffer T. 1999. Dendritic spine changes associated with
hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity [J]. Nature, 399(6731):
66-70.
Fox K, Wong ROL. 2005. A comparison of experience-dependent plasticity
in the visual and somatosensory systems [J]. Neuron, 48(3): 465-477.
Fu M, Yu XZ, Lu J, Zuo Y. 2012. Repetitive motor learning induces
coordinated formation of clustered dendritic spines in vivo [J]. Nature,
483(7387): 92-95.
Fu M, Zuo Y. 2011. Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the cortex
[J]. Trends Neurosci, 34(4): 177-187.
Greer PL, Greenberg ME. 2008. From synapse to nucleus:
calcium-dependent gene transcription in the control of synapse
development and function [J]. Neuron, 59(6): 846-860.
Grutzendler J, Kasthuri N, Gan WB. 2002. Long-term dendritic spine
stability in the adult cortex [J]. Nature, 420(6917): 812-816.
Hao JD, Rapp PR, Leffler AE, Leffler SR, Janssen WGM, Lou W, McKay H,
Roberts JA, Wearne SL, Hof PR, Morrison JH. 2006. Estrogen alters
spine number and morphology in prefrontal cortex of aged female
rhesus monkeys [J]. J Neurosci, 26(9): 2571-2578.
Ho VM, Lee JA, Martin KC. 2011. The cell biology of synaptic plasticity [J].
Science, 334(6056): 623-628.
Holtmaat A, Svoboda K. 2009. Experience-dependent structural synaptic
plasticity in the mammalian brain [J]. Nat Rev Neurosci, 10(9):
647-658.
Holtmaat A, Wilbrecht L, Knott GW, Welker E, Svoboda K. 2006.
Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the
neocortex [J]. Nature, 441(7096): 979-983.
Holtmaat AJGD, Trachtenberg JT, Wilbrecht L, Shepherd GM, Zhang XQ,
Knott GW, Svoboda K. 2005. Transient and persistent dendritic spines
in the neocortex in vivo [J]. Neuron, 45(2): 279-291.
Kasai H, Fukuda M, Watanabe S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Noguchi J. 2010.
Structural dynamics of dendritic spines in memory and cognition [J].
Trends Neurosci, 33(3): 121-129.
Kaufmann WE, Moser HW. 2000. Dendritic anomalies in disorders
associated with mental retardation [J]. Cereb Cortex, 10(10): 981-991.
Kennedy MB, Beale HC, Carlisle HJ, Washburn LR. 2005. Integration of
biochemical signalling in spines [J]. Nat Rev Neurosci, 6(6): 423-434.
Kennedy MJ, Ehlers MD. 2006. Organelles and trafficking machinery for
postsynaptic plasticity [J]. Annu Rev Neurosci, 29: 325-362.
Kwon HB, Sabatini BL. 2011. Glutamate induces de novo growth of
functional spines in developing cortex [J]. Nature, 474(7349): 100-104.
Lee WC, Huang H, Feng GP, Sanes JR, Brown EN, So PT, Nedivi E. 2006.
Dynamic remodeling of dendritic arbors in GABAergic interneurons of
adult visual cortex [J]. PLoS Biol, 4(2): e29.
Lendvai B, Stern EA, Chen B, Svoboda K. 2000. Experience-dependent
plasticity of dendritic spines in the developing rat barrel cortex in vivo
[J]. Nature, 404(6780): 876-881.
Leslie JH, Nedivi E. 2011. Activity-regulated genes as mediators of neural
circuit plasticity [J]. Prog Neurobiol, 94(3): 223-237.
Majewska A, Sur M. 2003. Motility of dendritic spines in visual cortex in
vivo: changes during the critical period and effects of visual
deprivation [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100(26): 16024-16029.
Marik SA, Yamahachi H, McManus JNJ, Szabo G, Gilbert CD. 2010.
Axonal dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in
somatosensory cortex [J]. PLoS Biol, 8(6): e1000395.
Markram H, Toledo-Rodriguez M, Wang Y, Gupta A, Silberberg G, Wu CZ.
2004. Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system [J]. Nat Rev
Neurosci, 5(10): 793-807.
Mataga N, Mizuguchi Y, Hensch TK. 2004. Experience-dependent pruning
of dendritic spines in visual cortex by tissue plasminogen activator [J].
Neuron, 44(6): 1031-1041.
Matsuzaki M, Honkura N, Ellis-Davies GCR, Kasai H. 2004. Structural
basis of long-term potentiation in single dendritic spines [J]. Nature,
429(6993): 761-766.
Mizrahi A. 2007. Dendritic development and plasticity of adult-born
neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb [J]. Nat Neurosci, 10(4): 444-452.
Mizrahi A, Crowley JC, Shtoyerman E, Katz LC. 2004. High-resolution in
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by monocular deprivation and extracellular matrix degradation [J].
Neuron, 44(6): 1021-1030.
Pan F, Aldridge GM, Greenough WT, Gan WB. 2010. Dendritic spine
instability and insensitivity to modulation by sensory experience in a
mouse model of fragile X syndrome [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,
107(41): 17768-17773.
Park M, Salgado JM, Ostroff L, Helton TD, Robinson CG, Harris KM,
Ehlers MD. 2006. Plasticity-induced growth of dendritic spines by
exocytic trafficking from recycling endosomes [J]. Neuron, 52(5):
817-830.
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stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural
learning [J]. Nature, 463(7283): 948-952.

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