注解
1.^ “Explaining the early human mind (
http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba15/BA15FEAT.HTML )”. 2008年1月28日阅覧。
2.^ Reeder, Greg (October 2000). “Same-sex desire, conjugal constructs, and the tomb of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep”. World Archaeology
32 (2): 193?208. doi:10.1080/00438240050131180.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/004382400501311803.^ Devereaux, George, "Greek Pseudo-homosexuality and the Greek Miracle", Symbolae Osloenses, 13 (1967), pp.70?92
4.^ (Percy III, 1996)
5.^ Suetonius, Julius 2-3
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#2 ; Plutarch, Caesar 2-3
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#2 ; Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.20
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/43*.html#206.^ Martial attests to same-sex marriages between men during the early Roman Empire, q.v. Martial Epigrams 1.24, 12.42
7.^ Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum-Nero, c. 110 C.E
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suet-nero-rolfe.asp Although this action was criticized by contemporary historians, these same historians do not criticize emperors such as Hadrian and Trajan who also had male lovers. The real reason behind the criticism of Nero andElagabalus is that both of these emperors ignored the Senators (who wrote the surviving historical accounts) and appointed low class men (such as freedmen) to important positions of power, thereby incurring the hatred of the Senatorial class.
8.^ Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; 68.21.2?6.21.3
9.^ Augustan History, Life of Elagabalus 10
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1*.html#1010.^ Theodosian Code 9.8.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion {quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
11.
^ (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
12.^ Evagrius Ecclesiastical History 3.39
13.^ Justinian Novels 77, 144
14.^ Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6; Online at:
http://libro.uca.edu/vcode/vg3-5.htm; "The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the Holy Scriptures, and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of sodomy, he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer emasculation, but also the penalty prescribed by ecclesiastical decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign."