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1	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	Non-Infinitives （非谓语动词） I. 非谓语动词类别及特征 II. 非谓语动词的使用 III.非谓语动词的区别 I.非谓语动词的类别及特征 I)类别： 1. 动词不定式 (to do) 2.分词（现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done） 3. 动名词 (doing) II)特征 1.不能担任谓语动词 2.不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化 3.具有动词的一般特性，可以带有宾语或状语构成短语 II.非谓语动词的使用 I)动词不定式 1.句中功能及时态，语态句中功能相当于名词功能主语 To say is one thing and to do is another. 宾语 He offered to help us. 相当于形容词功能表语 His great wish is to become a doctor and save others’ lives. 宾语补足语 Many people suppose him to be dead. 定语 I have a lot of work to do. 相当于副词功能状语 To see better, he stood up. He reached the station (only) to find the train had left. 时态和语态形式主动语态被动语态一般式（not）to do (not) to be done 进行式 (not) to be doing / 完成式 (not) to have done (not) to have been done 完成进行式 (not) to have been doing / e.g. (1) He seemed to be tired. We expect her not to come. He had to shout loud to be heard (2) They happened not to be doing their business. He pretended to be doing homework when his mother came in. (3) He is said not to have handed in today’s homework The 68-old patient is reported to have been killed by SARS in Shanghai. (4) She seems to have been working on the project for quite some time. * 注意选用正确的时态: Nice to meet you. Nice to have met you. 2. 动词不定式的运用 1)主语 To go swimming in the sea in summer is great fun. It is great fun to go swimming in the sea in summer. It takes me some time to get the point across. 2)表语 The next step is to find a medicine to cure SARS. (主语为step, aim, duty, hope, wish, idea, plan, job, problem, purpose, thing, function等时用to do 作表语) A number of problems remain to be solved. What I like to do now is (to) have a good sleep. (当主语中出现do的任何形式时,表语中的to可省去) 3)宾语四大句型: a.动词 + to do: long, want, expect, hope, wish, desire, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, aim, choose, decide, claim, demand, learn, manage, try, afford, happen, fail, seem, appear, intend … b.动词+ 疑问词+ to do: know, decide, learn, remember, see, understand, explain, ask, find out, wonder, think… c.动词+ 间接宾语 + 疑问词 + to do: show, teach, advise, tell, inform … d.动词+ it +补足语(adj./n.) + to do(真正宾语): find, think, consider, make, feel… 介词but, except后接不定式时,若上文含有do的各种形式,或出现can, can’t, could, couldn’t时,则不定式省to (即 do nothing except/ but do, can’t do anything but/ except do, cannot help but do, cannot but do) e.g. When the enemy surrounded the house, she had no choice but to swallow the letter. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to come. 4) 宾语补足语四个句型: a. 动词+宾语+ to do: wish, get, cause, enable, ask, beg, mean, expect, force, invite, permit, urge, remind, persuade, want, warn, allow, encourage, advise, prepare…

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

2	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	* suggest, demand, hope, claim, agree 无此句型 e.g. The doctor advised me to have a blood test. I got them to join us in the discussion. The notice warned us not to go into the field. b. 动词+宾语+ do: 感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, 使役动词make, let, have e.g. I saw the lady lock the door. We did not let anyone come in. * 注意以上动词的被动式中要出现to The lady was seen to lock the door. Nobody was let (to) come in. c. 动词词组+宾语+ to do: arrange for, wait for, ask for, prepare for, wish for, long for, depend on, rely on, call on… e.g. I’ll arrange for the guests to tour several country towns. They are waiting for the school bus to come. d. 动词+宾语+(to be) + n./adj.: consider, prove, believe, think, find, suppose, know, judge… e.g. Everyone thought Dick (to be) a clever boy. Cf. Everyone thought of Dick as a clever boy. He proved very strict with his students. (不可用被动) 5) 定语 a. 不定式与被修饰词构成动宾关系 I have something to say. I’d like a few books to read during the journey. * 若不定式为不及物动词或及物动词带宾语,后须加上恰当介词 I’ve bought a motorcycle to go to work on. There’s nothing for us to worry about. * place, time, way后接不定式可以省介词 That’s a nice place to live (in). I’m afraid there is no time to play now. b. 不定式与被修饰词构成主谓关系 He is the right person to do the job. 当名词前有序数词, 最高级, next, only, not a 等限定词时, 只能用不定式做定语 Mary is always the last to arrive at the office. c. 不定式与被修饰词构成同位关系: 来自动词的名词: failure, plan, tendency, refusal, desire, decision, determination, promise, wish, attempt, struggle, courage… 来自形容词的名词: eagerness, ability, curiosity… 其它: need, time, way, right, chance, effort… e.g His plan to set up more branches in other cities wasn’t approved. Her wish to be an air-hostess has never come true. Cf. Her dream of being an… Her ability to finish the work in such a short time amazed us all. Cf. Her capability of finishing the work… 不定式做定语可表示将来,相当于定语从句 in the few weeks to come = in the coming weeks the men to attend the meeting = the men who will attend the meeting the conference to take place next month the lectures to follow 不定式+ 介词结构修饰名词可转换为:介词+ 关系代词(which/whom)+不定式 Della had only ten dollars to buy a present with. = Della had only ten dollars with which to buy a present. 6) 状语 a. 目的状语 We have come to learn from you. To do a good job, we must have the right tools. in order to = so as to(不能放句首) He works hard so as to/in order to get good marks in the final exam. *不可将for doing 做目的状语 b. 原因状语 We all jumped with joy to learn the news. c. 结果状语 He left, never to return. He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject.

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

3	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	Would you be so kind as to help me? = Would you be kind enough to help me? He was so excited as to forget most of what he had meant to say. The day was dark so as to make a good photograph hard to get. Don’t let your radio blare so as to disturb your neighbours. * too …to用法总结: a)too … to do“太…而不能”, 表否定 He is too young to join the army. = He is not old enough to join the army. b)too…not to do “太…不会不”,“很…必定能” I was too angry at that not to say about it. = I was so angry at that that I couldn't help saying about it. He is too careful not to notice spelling mistakes. = He is so careful that he will surely notice spelling mistakes. c)表肯定意义: only/but too…to do too + 表心情或倾向的adj. (如glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied)+ to do She is only too pleased to go home. = She is very much pleased to go home. The two men were too anxious to leave. 3. 不定式使用注意点: 1) 不定式的被动: 以下情况经常出现主动表被动: a. 某些adj. + 不定式,主动表被动: cheap, pleasant, easy, hard, difficult, fit, possible, heavy, comfortable, heavy, expensive, nice, interesting… She is easy to get along with. The water is not fit to drink. Your dream is possible to realize. Cf. Your dream is likely to be realized. b.句中找得到动作的主语,或说话人是动作主语,主动表被动 There is nothing to do now. She showed me which bus to take. I have some letters to type. Cf. I have some letters to be typed. * He raised a lot of questions to be answered. c.惯用语: The house is to let. He is not to blame. 2)不定式to的省略 a. 必须省略: 感官动词使役动词以下结构: had better/ had best/ would rather/ would rather…than…/would sooner/ would sooner…than…/prefer to do rather than/ do sth. but/except…/cannot but/ cannot help but/ cannot choose but… Why do? Why not do? b. 可省可不省: help (to) do 做表语时若上文出现过do的各种形式 3) 不定式的逻辑主语: a. 做状语时,要保证不定式逻辑主语与主句主语一致 ( X) To observe the sky, a telescope is needed b. 若不定式逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,在不定式前加上它自己的主语,构成独立主格 With a lot of people to help, he is sure of success. c. 某些不定式短语修饰整句，不受主语一致的限制:to be frank, to be sure, to be fair, to be exact, to be short, to be specific, to be honest, to tell (you) the truth, to begin with, to start with, to sum up, to conclude, to say the least of, to put it in another way... To sum up, success results from hard work. To tell the truth, I don’t like the singer. 4) 疑问词(what, which, who, whom, when, how, where, whether) + 不定式相当于名词性从句 How to stop pollution remains a question.

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

4	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	I’ll teach you what to say when greeting a foreigner. 5) 不定式与主从复合句转换: a. sb. + be + adj.(sure, certain, likely) + to do = It is + adj.(certain, likely, possible, probable) + that… b. sb. + v.( seem, happen, appear; is said/known/reported…) + to do = It + v. = that… 6) 为避免重复上文动词,将不定式省略,仅留to在句末 He wanted to borrow your book, but he wasn’t able to/ but I asked him not to. --- Do you want to go with us? ---- Yes, I’d like to. Cf.--- Do you want to be a teacher in the future? --- Yes, I want to be. 7) was to/would like to/ hoped to/ planned to/ expected to/ meant to/ intended to have done = had hoped/planned/expected/meant/intended to do 表示未能实现的愿望或打算 II) 动名词 1. 句法功能和时态语态句法功能相当于名词主语 Playing football is his hobby. 表语 His job is caring for the old. 宾语 Would you mind opening the door? 定语 a reading room 时态语态形式主动语态被动语态一般式 (not) doing (not) being done 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done e.g: (1)We are interested in playing chess. He hates not being paid attention to when he is speaking. He narrowly escaped being run over by a passing car. (2)I am sorry for not having kept my promise. The house showed no sign of having been broken into. 2. 动名词的句中运用 1)主语 Keeping a house is a tiring job. Watching English TV news is a good way to learn English. Seeing is believing. Cf. To see is to believe. * It is no use/ no good/ useless/ a waste of time(/worthwhile) doing sth. It is no use crying over spilt milk. Cf. It is important/ necessary/ essential/ possible… to do sth. There is no use/no good/no sense/no point/no harm (in) doing sth. There is no need to do sth. * There is no doing 不可能… There is no telling what he is going to do. There is no knowing how he made a fortune in such a short time. There is no denying that fact that… There is no joking about such matters. 2)表语 His hobby is fishing by the lake. The real problem is getting to know yourself. 不定式做表语指具体某次行动或将来的动作,而动名词做表语指一贯性行为 Reading without comprehension is no good. It’s necessary to read it many times. My job is teaching. My task now is to explain the use of this word in detail. 3)宾语 a. 动词宾语: 后跟动名词的常用动词: I MAKE A RED SAFER CAMP Imagine, miss, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate, keep escape, enjoy, excuse, risk, resist , delay, deny, dislike, suggest, stand, fancy, finish, forgive , consider practise, postpone, pardon, understand allow, advise, forbid, permit 后跟的动词形式有两种: We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow anyone to smoke here. * require, want, need, deserve后跟动名词用主动形式（表示被动意义），但不定式用被动形式 The window needs cleaning.= The window needs to be cleaned. * begin/start/continue 后接不定式与动名词无意义差别,但有时begin/start后只能加不定式

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

5	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	* hate/love/like to do hate/love/like doing * remember/forget/regret to do remember/forget/regret doing * mean to do & mean doing * try to do & try doing go on to do & go on doing stop to do &stop doing can't help (to) do &can’t help doing be afraid to do & be afraid of doing b. 介词宾语: Is there any hope of catching the early flight? By watching the star, the pilot could tell the directions. He left without saying good-bye to me. On arriving at the airport, I saw my mother standing in the crowd, waving to me. * 注意一些短语中的介词: be devoted to, be used to, object to, close to, look forward to, in addition to, be equal to, get down to, give one’s mind/time to, be opposed to, pay attention to, on one’s way to, What do you say to…; be sure of, be keen on, insist on, be fond of, be tired of, be interested in, be afraid of, prevent…from doing, have trouble/difficulty (in) doing, spend/waste… (in) doing… c. 后跟动名词的常用词组: feel like, give up, put off, can’t help, can’t stand, be worth, have a hard time, have a good time, be busy, go doing 4) 定语 a walking stick/a smoking room / an operating room/a building material/ a shopping center/ a meeting hall/ a sleeping pill/ a sleeping car 3. 动名词的逻辑主语: 1) 动名词逻辑主语应与主句主语一致 (X) On returning home, the telephone rang (X) After getting up, the day began with a good breakfast. 2)若动名词有自己的逻辑主语,那么动名词有其复合结构: a.逻辑主语是有生命的名词: 作主语,用名词或代词所有格 Tom’s / His coming is what we expected. 作宾语（口语中）,也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格 They insist on Tom’s (his) staying longer. She didn’t mind Tom (him) coming late. b.逻辑主语是无生命的名词(词组),指示代词,不定代词或-s结尾的名词, 用名词普通格 Is there any hope/chance of our team winning the match? She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside. I don’t mind that being done by a young girl. What made me angry was the students failing to do their duties. III) 分词 1.分词的句法功能和时态，语态句法功能相当于形容词作表语 The job is tiring. She is tired of the job. 作定语 This is a tiring job. She has a tired look on her face. 作宾语补足语 I find the job tiring I find her tired.. 相当于副词作状语 Trying again, you will succeed. Given another chance, you will succeed. 时态语态: 现在分词: 形式主动语态被动语态一般式/ 进行式 (not) doing (not) being done 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done 过去分词: done 2.分词的句中功能 1)作表语---形容词化了的分词 His job is interesting. He is interested in the job. 2)作定语---形容词化了的分词 a. 现在分词表客观,“令人…”; 过去分词表主观, “感到…” interesting/ interested; moving/ moved; surprising/ surprised; puzzling/ puzzled; astonishing/ astonished; encouraging/ encouraged;

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

6	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	exciting/excited; amusing/amused; tiring/tired; confusing/confused; pleasing/pleased; worrying/worried; delighting/delighted; disappointing/disappointed; frightening/frightened; terrifying/terrified; satisfying/satisfied; convincing/convinced… e.g.Chen peisi is an _________ man. He is ___________in music. ( interesting, interested) I heard an _______ voice out of the darkness. ( exciting, excited) There was a ________ look on his face. ( surprising, surprised) I found her voice rather __________ on the phone. (tiring, tired) * 过去分词修饰人或表神态等的词,说明主语的心理状态 b. 现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动 English-speaking countries spoken English running water a written promise a leading figure an unexpected guest the coming week imported machines biting wind steamed bread an ordinary-looking girl hand-made products striking contrast stricken areas earth-shaking changes a badly-lighted room c. 现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成 freezing point/weather/cold frozen food/water developing countries developed countries a falling leaf a fallen leaf boiling water boiled water the rising sun the risen sun the changing situation the changed situation returned students retired workers an escaped prisoner the newly-arrived guest faded flowers/color 3)作宾语补足语 * see/look at/notice/observe/watch/hear/listen to/feel/smell… do/doing/done have...do/doing/done get…to do/doing/done make…do/done set/send…to do/doing catch…doing leave…doing/done find…doing/done keep…doing/done/from doing start…doing like/wish/want/order…(to be)done e.g.: I’m happy to see my baby well ____________(take) care of here. When I came to, I found myself____________(take) care of by a strange lady. Do you smell something __________(burn)? He had his trousers _____________ (take) in. He had his pockets __________(pick) yesterday morning. The officer had the soldiers ___________(stand) at attention. It is not proper to have students _____________(do) lessons all the time. I can’t have you ___________(shout) at me that way. Can you get the clock_____________(go)? I tried in vain to get the car _________(start). The loud noise sent the birds _________(fly) in all directions. The company sent him ________(work) abroad. Don’t leave your work ___________(unfinish). His words left me __________ (wonder) what he was driving at. He couldn’t make himself _______(understand) with his broken English. The old man managed to start the engine ___________(run). I caught the boy ___________(steal) the farmer’s apples. He didn’t like his novel ___________(discuss) in the newspapers. The police had a hard time keeping the traffic ___________(move).

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

7	非谓语动词讲义2006－3
	The Internet kept us ___________(inform) of the world development. 4)作状语 a. 时间状语,相当于时间状语从句 When I wandered through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer. ---(When/While) wandering through the square, I caught sight of… After I did my homework, I went home. ---After doing my homework, I went home --Having done my homework, I went home. I will not speak to him until he speaks to me. ----I will not speak to him until spoken to. b. 原因状语,相当于原因状语从句 I don’t know his telephone number, so I have to write to him. ---Not knowing his telephone number, I have to write to him. As they were tired out, they stopped to have a rest. ---Tired out, they stopped to have a rest. c.条件状语,相当于条件状语从句 If you try again, you will succeed. ----Trying again, you will succeed. If water is heated, it will become steam. ----Heated, water will become steam. Though he was tired, he was still in good spirits. ----Though tired, he was still in good spirits. I won’t go unless I am invited. ----I won’t go unless invited. d. 结果状语 He started late and missed the bus. ---He started late, missing the bus. Her husband died and left her with 3 children. ---Her husband died, leaving her with 3 children. e. 伴随状语 She watch the sad movie, weeping and sighing. He hung up the phone, satisfied, with a smile on his face. f. 方式状语,通常在stand, go, come, sit 后用现在分词 He stood leaning against the wall. She often went shopping while she was there. He came into the room, supported by them. 3. 分词使用注意点: 1) 分词做状语的逻辑主语: a. 分词主语应与主句逻辑主语一致 (X) Listening to the radio, there was a knock on the door. (X) Seen from the top of the mountain, he found the vehicles as small as ants. b. 独立主格 Because there is nothing to do, we are free now. ---There being nothing to do, we are free now. If time permits, we’ll do some exercise. ---Time permitting, we will do some exercise. Because the old man is helping us, we are doing more quickly. ---(With) the old man helping us, we are doing more quickly. 独立结构形式：(with + ) n./ pron. + doing/ done e.g.He came in with the whole class ________(stare) at him. The thief was brought in with his hands _____(tie) You slept with the light _______(burn) all night yesterday. She was still fast asleep with her head ______(bury) into her arms. They got there without any difficulty with the boy ________(lead) the way. With all the work_______(do), I don’t know if I’ll have time to go out. After buying my clothes, I only have twenty dollars ________(leave) All things _________(consider), he is qualified for the job. c. 分词固定用语: generally speaking/ strictly speaking/ roughly speaking/fairly speaking/frankly speaking/ judging from/by his accent/ considering his age/ supposing / putting it mildly/speaking of/talking of…. granted that… 2) 现在分词完成被动式(仅用作时间状语,不可用作其他成分)与过去分词区别 Having been shown around the campus, we were led into the dining hall. Written in haste, the composition was full of mistakes. The meeting held yesterday is considered of great importance. 3) 现在分词一般式与现在分词完成式(强调时间先后)区别 Having seen the film twice, she decided to stay at home with the children. Seeing nobody at home, she went out. Opening the door, she saw a little dog lying on the ground. Realizing she had been cheated, she was too angry to say a word. Missing the train, she had to take a taxi. Finding nobody in the street, she felt scared. Not knowing what to do, she sat there lost in thought. III. 非谓语动词的区别: 1．非谓语动词在句中功能区别一表非谓语动词句中功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式分词 X X 动名词 X X 2．非谓语动词时态语态一表非谓语动词时态语态特点不定式 to do to being doing to have done to be done to have been done 不定式一般式表示具体，将来的动作分词现在分词 doing having done being done having been done 现在分词表示主动和进行过去分词表示被动和完成过去分词 done 动名词 doing having done being done having been done 动名词表示一般概念 ** there be 的非谓语形式总结: 1. 宾语 We don’t want there to be any students lagging behind. We have no objection to there being a meeting here. It isn’t enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave my car out. 2. 状语 There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself. It’s too early for there to be a bus. There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry. 3. 主语 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 4. 定语 I must make full use of the time there is left to me. This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.

	作者：calvinxf 0位粉丝 2006-3-17 22:26 回复此发言

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