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1楼 1 The 18th Century England: Historical backgrounds 1. Establishment of the constitutional monarchy after the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688 2. Enclosure Movement (12th—15th) 3. The Industrial Revolution (1760—1840) 4. The American War of Independence (1775—1781) 5. The French Revolution (1789—1794) 1 Enlightenment Movement in Europe 1. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterized the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State. Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason. 2. The English Enlighteners The Enlightenment in England, different from that in other European countries, came after the bourgeois revolution rather that before it. So the English Enlighteners, instead of agitating for the overthrow of feudal monarchic rule, sought for a more enlightened society, for the two bourgeois revolutions in the 17th century (in 1640 and 1688) only brought about a compromise between the upper strata of the aristocracy and the upper strata of the bourgeoisies. The Enlighteners were so called because what they considered to be the chief means for the betterment of society was “enlightenment” or “education” for the people. In other words, they believed in the power of reason, and that is why the 18th century in England has sometimes been called “the Age of Reason”. 1 Neo-Classicism Classicism: A critical term or a body of doctrine thought which is derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greeks and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. These include restraint; restricted scope; dominance of reason; sense of form; unity of design and aim; clarity; simplicity; balance; attention to structure and logical organization; interest in style; severity of outline; moderation; self-control; intellectualism; decorum; respect for tradition; imitation; conservatism; and “good sense”. 1 English literature of the early 18th century 1. Poetry: Alexander Pope (1688—1744) 1) Life 2) Main works An Essay on Criticism (1711) 《论批评》 The Rape of the Lock (1714)《夺发记》 The Dunciad (1728—1742)《愚人志》 Essay on Man (1732--1734)《人论》 3) Contribution Pope was known as a great poet in his day and exerted much influence upon other writers of the age. Today, Pope is remembered chiefly for his contributions as an Enlightener, as a generally sound though occasionally opinionated critic, as an advocator of neo-0classicism, as a powerful satirist, as a poet who displayed his sharp wit in brilliant verse and gave us many memorable and quotable lines in English poetry, and finally as a writer who exerted his great influence upon the literature of his own day and of later centuries, especially upon Byron. |
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2楼 2. Periodical literature in early 18th-century England: Richard Steele and Joseph Addison 1) Coffeehouses By the beginning of 18th century, coffeehouses became the most striking feature of London life. The middle class citizens tended to assemble in these resorts to seek the pleasure of conversation and news. Thus, coffeehouses gave them a means of exchanging ideas, forming public opinion and propagating new thoughts. 2) Richard Steele (1672—1729) and “The Tatler”《闲话》报 (1709—1711) Steele started “The Tatler” to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his follow coffeehouse—goers. “The Tatler” continued to appear three times a week until 2 January 1711. Then in conjunction with Addison he ran another paper “The Spectator” during 1711-12. This was followed by three other papers. 3) Joseph Addison (1672—1719) and “The Spectator” 《旁观者》报 (1711—1712) Between 1709 and 1711 Addison contributed a number of papers to “The Tatler”. Then he collaborated with Steele in publishing “The Spectator” in 1711-12. The general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality, ” “to make instruction agreeable, and diversion useful, ” or “to bring philosophy out of closets and libraries, schools and colleges, to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea-tables and in coffeehouses.” Addison and Steele gathered up the new ideas of the time and put them within the reach of the reading public, aiming at social reform. 4) Steele and Addison’s contribution Contribution to the development of the English essay. 3. Realistic novelists: Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift Daniel Defoe (1660—1731) 1) Life 2) Main works The True Born Englishman (1701)《真正的英国人》 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消灭不同教派的捷径》 Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》 Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔·弗兰德》 A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年日记》 3) The rise of the English novel “The eighteenth century was the golden age of the (English) novel. The novel of this period… spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” Jonathan Swift (1667—1745) 1) Life 2) Main works The Battle of Books (1697)《书籍之战》 A Tale of a Tub (1698)《一个木桶的故事》 Drapier’s Letters (1724)《布商的来信》 Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》 A Modest Proposal (1729)《一个温和的建议》 3) Swift’s style In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature. It is a great education in English to read Swift’s prose. 1 English literature of the milled and last decades of the 18th century 1. Realistic novelists: Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding Samuel Richardson (1689—1761) 1) Life 2) Main works Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1742)《帕美拉，或德行有报》 Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (1747)《克莱丽莎》 The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754)《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》 Henry Fielding (1707—1754) 1) Life 2) Main works The Coffee-house Politician (1730)《咖啡屋政客》 Don Quixote in England (1734)《堂吉诃德在英国》 |
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3楼 The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德伟》 The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749)《汤姆·琼斯》 Amelia (1751)《阿美利亚》 3) A brief summary a. Fielding as a satirist. b. Fielding’s style c. Fielding’s contribution: Founder of the English realistic novel 2.English drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751—1816) 1) Life 2) Main works The Rivals (1775)《情敌》 St. Patrick’s Day (1775)《圣帕特里克日》 The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》 A Trip to Scarborough (1777)《思卡波罗之行》 3. Neo-classicism: Samuel Johnson and James Boswell From the middle decades to the end of the 18th century, two outstanding literary traditions—Neo-Classicism and Pre-Romanticism—developed side by side in the field of English poetry and prose. Samuel Johnson was the leader of the school of neo-classicism in English poetry and prose in the middle decades of the 18th century. Samuel Johnson (1709—1784) 1) Life 2) Main works A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》 Lives of the Poets (1779—1781)《诗人传》 James Boswell (1740—1795) 1) Life 2) Main works Life of Johnson《约翰逊传》 4. Edward Gibbon (1737—1794) 1) Life 2) Main works The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 《罗马帝国衰亡史》 3) Gibbon’s style Gibbon is famous for his style. It is a classical and elevated style, characterized by precision, lucidity, economy and elegance, which became a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers. 1 Sentimentalism 1. Sentimentalism Sentimentalism as one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century found its expression in all the major literary fields of the period, in poetry and drama and prose fiction, and was closely connected with the radical social and ideological changes taking place in England at that time. 2. Oliver Goldsmith (1730—1774) 1) Life 2) Main works The Bee (1759)《蜜蜂》 The Citizen of the World (1760—1761)《世界公民》 The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale (1766)《威克菲尔牧师传》 The Deserted Village (1770)《荒村》 She Stoops to Conquer (1773) 《屈身俯就》 2. The Graveyard Poets（墓园派诗人） Thomas Gray (1716—1765) 1) Life 2) Main works Ode on the Spring (1742)春天颂 Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747)《伊顿颂歌》 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)《墓园挽歌》 The Progress of Poetry (1757) 《诗歌的进程》 1 Pre-Romanticism 1. Pre-Romanticism 2. Representative writers: William Blake and Robert Burns Robert Burns (1759—1796) 1) Life 2) Main works Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786) “To a Mouse” “致老鼠” “To a Louse” “致虱子” “Scots Wha Hae” “苏格兰人” “My Heart’s in the Highlands”“我的心呀在高原” “Auld Lang Syne”“过去的好时光” “A Red, Red Rose” 《一朵红红的玫瑰》 William Blake (1757—1827) 1) Life 2) Main works Poetical Sketches (1783)《素描诗集》 Songs of Innocence (1789)《天真之歌》 The French Revolution (1791)《法国革命》 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》 Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》 |
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4楼 1 The Romantic Period (1789-1832) 1. Historical background: Economic, political, and ideological 1) The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) Class conflicts between the industrial capitalists and the proletariat. Two major events of class strife in the first two decades of the 19th century: a. The Luddites Movement (1810-1811) b. Peterloo Massacre in 1819 in St. Peter’s Field, Manchester. 2) The French Revolution (1789-1794) The Holly Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain) The battle of Waterloo (1815) (a town in central Belgium) 3) The Napolenoic Wars (1799-1815) These events had their strong impact upon the English economic, political, and social scene in the first three decades of the 19th century. 4) Political ideology: Edmund Burke, Thomas Pain, William Cobett 2. The Romantic Movement Following the Enlightenment in philosophy and in literature, there was the Romantic Movement that prevailed throughout Western Europe. The movement made its earliest appearance in Germany where it was known as “Sturm Und Drang ”(“Storm and Stress”) in the late 18th century; in England the romantic precursors in poetry appeared also in the second half of the 18th century but the flowering of romanticism did not come till after 1789; in France the height of romanticism was only reached in the early 19th century. 3. Two Romantic schools in England: 1) The passive or escapist romanticists: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey 2) The active romanticists: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats 4. Characteristics of Romanticism 浪漫主义运动是这一时期具有全欧影响的文学运动，是法国大革命、欧洲民主运动和民族解放运动斗争高涨时期的产物。 浪漫主义文学虽然从思想内容上大致可以分为消极浪漫主义和积极浪漫主义两个流派，但从艺术表现手法上讲，具有以下一些共同特征： 1) 描写理想、抒发强烈的个人感情是浪漫主义作家的一个重要特征。 2) 浪漫主义文学的另一个重要特征是着力描绘大自然景色，抒发作家对大自然的感受。 3) 浪漫主义作家对民谣和民间传说发生极大兴趣，用来作为创作的素村和借鉴。 4) 浪漫主义作家喜欢运用夸张的手法。他们常常在作品中描述异乎寻常的情节、自然环境和人物。在刻画人物性格时，他们又常常突出它的某一方面。 5) 诗歌是浪漫主义作家常用的文学体裁，这一时期特别盛行的是抒情诗。此外，十八世纪发展起来的历史剧和历史小说也是浪漫主义作家所喜用的文学体裁，积极浪漫主义作家在这方面的成就较大。 5. Prose writers in romantic period: 1) Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlit, De Quincey and Hunt 2) The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott. 1 William Wordsworth (1770-1850) 1. Life 2. The Lake Poets 湖畔派诗人 Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey were known together as “Lake Poets”. At one time they lived and knew one another in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. All three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received favors from the great. 3. Wordsworth’s main works Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒怀歌谣集》 Lucy Poems (1799)《露西组诗》 “The Solitary Reaper”(1807)“孤独的刈麦女” |
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5楼 The Prelude (1850)《序曲》 “My Hearts Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起来” Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺旁》 4. Wordsworth’s poetic principles 1) Definition of poetry All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. （所有好诗都是强烈感情的自然流露；但这种感情又是“经过在宁静中追忆的”。） 2) Four points are essential to poetry according to Wordsworth: a. Incidents and situations chosen from common life (generally “low and rustic life”) b. A selection of language really used by men (i.e. against the use of “poetic diction”) c. Ordinary things to be presented in an unusual way (“to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination”) d. Attempts to trace in the chosen incidents and situations the primary laws of human nature. 1 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) 1. Life 2. Coleridge’s main works “The Fall of the Bastille” (1789)“巴士底狱的倒塌” Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒情歌谣集》 “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798)“老水手谣” “Kulbla Khan”(1816)“忽必烈汗” Biographa Literaria (1817)《文学传记》 1 George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) 1. Life 2. Byron’s main works Hours of Idleness (1807)《懒散时刻》 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰尔德哈罗德游记》 Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《东方叙事诗》 Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》 The Age of Bronze (1822)《青铜时代》 1 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) 1. Life 2. Shelley’s main works “Queen Mab”(1813)“麦布女王” “The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)“专制魔王的化妆舞会” “Ode to West Wind” (1819)“西风颂” “Song to the Men of England”(1819)“致英国人民” “England in 1819”(1819)“一八一九年的英国” “Prometheus Unbound” (1819)“解放了的普罗米修斯” “To a Skylark” (1820)“致云雀” “A Defense of Poetry”(1821)“诗辩” 1 John Keats (1795-1821) 1. Life 2. Keats’ main works “Endymion”(1818)“恩底弥翁” “Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” (1820)“伊莎贝拉” “Ode to a Nightingale” (1819) “夜莺颂” “Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819) “希腊古瓮颂” “Ode on Melancholy” (1819) “忧郁颂” “Ode to Autumn” (1819) “秋颂” “La Belle Dame Sams Merci”(1820)“无情的美女” “Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行诗” 1 Prose in romantic period 1. 英国散文在18世纪达到了一种完美：理性主义的精神蕴藏在平衡、匀称的句子结构之中，其最后的大家是Johnson 和Gibbon. 2. 浪漫派散文：familiar style, familiar essay 平易散文 1 Charles Lamb (1775-1843) 1. Life 2. Lamb’s main works Essays of Elia (1823;1833)《伊利亚随笔》 Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》 Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare 《莎士比亚时期英国戏剧诗人选》 3. Lamb’s style 1 Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859) 1. Life 2. Works The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个英国吸食鸦片者的自白》 “On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth” “谈《麦克白》一剧内的敲门声” 1 Walter Scott (1771-1832) 1. Life 2. Scott’s main works The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802-1803)《英格兰边区歌谣集》 The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) 《末代歌者之歌》 The Lady of the Lake (1810)《湖上夫人》 Waverly (1814)《威弗利》 Guy Mannering (1815)《盖·曼纳令》 Rob Roy (1817)《罗布·罗伊》 Ivanhoe (1819)《艾凡赫》 3. Features of Scott’s Historical Novels. |
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