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[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'. If there is one —— which I take leave to doubt —— then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings —— people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is. When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain —— that I was a new boy in a huge school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking. I find young people exciting. They have an air of freedom, and they have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things. It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders —— as if mere age were a reason for respect. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong. |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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人们总是在谈论“青年问题”。如果这个问题存在的话 —— 请允许我对此持怀疑态度 —— 那么，这个问题是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。让我们来认真研究一些基本事实：承认青年人毕竟和他们的长辈一样也是人。老年人和青年人只有一个区别：青年人有光辉灿烂的前景，而老年人的辉煌已成为过去。问题的症结恐怕就在这里。 我十几岁时，总感到自己年轻而捉摸不定 —— 我是硕大校园里的一名新生，当时如果我被看成像一个问题那样有趣，我真的会感到很得意。因为能被当作问题至少使你感到得到了某种承认，而这正是年轻人所热衷追求的。 我觉得年轻人令人振奋，无拘无束。他们既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不贪图生活的舒适。他们不热衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物质享受。在我看来，所有这些使他们与生命和万物之源联系在了一起。从某种意义上讲，他们似乎是宇宙人，同我们这些凡夫俗子形成了强烈而鲜明的对照。每逢我遇到年轻人，脑子里就想到这些年轻人也许狂妄自负，举止无理，傲慢放肆，愚昧无知，但我不会用应当尊重长者这一套陈词滥调来为我自己辨护，似乎年长就是受人尊敬的理由。我认为我和他们是平等的。如果我认为他们错了，我就以平等的身份和他们争个明白。 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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‘the problem of youth ’ 加引号，表示引用。 sb. take leave to do sth. 允许某人做某事，冒昧地做某事 I take leave to say… 我冒昧地说… I take leave to be frank 恕我直言。 其他用法：Take one’s leave = take leave 离开（正式用法） Would you please take your leave? after all 毕竟，终究，归根结底 So you've come after all.你到底还是来了 After all, what does it matter?归根结底，那有什么关系呢？ He should have offered to pay--he has plenty of money, after all.他应该主动提出付款－－毕竟他是有钱的。 get down to sth..认真研究 get down to + 名词／动名词 I get down to learning my book.我静下心学习我的书。 fundamental [] adj. 基础的，基本的 n. 基本原则，基本原理 fundamental = basic (adj.) 基本的；(n.) 基本、基础 glorious [] adj. 光荣的，辉煌的，愉快的 a glorious achievement 辉煌的成就 had a glorious visit with old friends同老朋友愉快的相见 splendid [] adj. 壮丽的，辉煌的，极好的 a splendid scene 壮丽的景象 splendid achievements. 辉煌的成就 a splendid idea 极好的主意 rub [] v. 擦, 摩擦 n. 摩擦, 擦；磨损处, 擦痛处；障碍; 困难; 疑难点; 要点 where the rub is 症结所在，问题就出在这 rub one's hands with the soap 在双手上涂擦肥皂 Give the table a good rub. 把这桌子好好擦一下。 Do you get the rub? 你抓住要点了吗? “Ay, there's the rub”(Shakespeare) “啊，难就难在这儿”(莎士比亚) for one thing, … 原因之一，有一点是… (an) air of freedom 无拘无束（的特质） air：特有的印象、神态、气质、风度（多用复数） He always puts on airs. 摆谱 Arrogant airs : 傲气 Bureaucratic airs : 官气 Finicky airs 娇气 dreary [] adj. 沉闷的，枯燥乏味的 commitment [] n. 委托事项, 承诺, 承担义务； 致力，专注，献身（对他人或某种行动，在理智和情感上紧密相连） 常用搭配 commitment to + 名词／动名词 a deep commitment to liberal policies为自由主义政策奉献 a profound commitment to the family 对家庭由衷的奉献 ambition [] n. 野心（获得如名誉或权力的强烈的欲望或渴望）； 抱负（想实现的目的或目标） Her ambition is the presidency. 她的抱负是成为一名总统（获得总统职位）。 devotion [] n. 热爱（热烈的通常是忘我的爱慕和依恋）, 投入、贡献（贡献行为或贡献的状况） devotion to the cause of education 对教育事业的热爱（忠诚） devotion to duty 忠于职守 seem [] vi. 好象, 似乎；[与引导代词it连用]看来好象；[与人称代词连用]感到好象, 觉得似乎 sb. seems to do sth. 或者it seems to sb. to do sth (that) 感觉好象，就某人看来好象（表现某人自己的观点或思想） I can't seem to get the story straight.我好象不能理解这个故事 I seemed to hear a voice in the distance. 我好象听到远处有说话声。 It seems to me that it will snow. 我看要下雪。 It seems as if it is going to rain. 看来要下雨了。 as if conj.（连接词） 1) 似乎，仿佛： looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起来似乎是冰做的 2) 相当于that： It seemed as if the meeting would never end. 看起来会议没完没了 in some sense 在某种意义上，可以这么说吧（插入语） Cosmic being 宇宙人 in violent contrast with sb.／sth. 与某人或某物形成强烈的对比 suburban [] adj. 1)郊区的；2)[英]土气的；见识不广的，有偏见的 suburban point of view 浅陋的观点 n. [美]郊区居民 creature [] n. 人, 生物（尤指动物） conceited [] adj. 自以为是的, 自负的 be conceited about 自负，自夸 presumptuous [] adj. 放肆的，傲慢的 fatuous [] adj. 愚笨的（接近foolish），自满的 cliche [] n. 陈词滥调, 铅版 adj. 陈腐的 turn for protection to 寻求保护 turn to v. 转向, 变成, 求助于, 致力于 小贴示： 年龄的范围： Teenager青少年 Adolescent: 约12岁22岁间的青年男女 Juvenile 13至19岁的青少年 Youth 20至30岁的青年 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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it is older people who creat it.—强调句 let us (speaker exclusive) – Let’s (speaker inclusive) like – (介词) 省略了谓语 are people are just like their elders I would have been 虚拟语气 So .. as … 后置定语 suburban creatures —— (us的)后置同位语 - 与前文用的cosmic beings相对应 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas —— legends handed down from one generation to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。 他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。这些传说是很有用的，因为它们能告诉我们以往人们迁居的情况。但是；没有人能把他们当时做的事情记载下来。人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。 但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。 然而， 幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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fossil [*] n. 化石, 僵化的事物 adj. 化石的, 陈腐的, 守旧的 preserve [] vt. 保护, 保存 recount [] v. （详细）叙述 re-count [ri86ka&nt] n. & v. 重新计数 record [] n. 档案，记录，唱片；adj. 创纪录的 [r!6k%8d] v. 记录，录音 [第一个音节带重音，名前动后] saga [] n. 传奇，英雄故事 legend [] n. 传说；（奖章、硬币等上的）刻字；地图的图例, 插图的说明 migration [] n. 迁徙、移民 anthropologist [] n. 人类学家 anthropology [] n. 人类学 biology 生物学geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 ancestor [6#n7sest*] n. 祖先 descendant [] n. 子孙, 后裔, 后代 Polynesian [] adj. 玻利尼西亚人的 n. 玻利尼西亚人 Polynesia [] n. 玻利尼西亚(中太平洋群岛,意为 "多岛群岛",包括夏威夷群岛、萨摩亚群岛、汤加群岛核社会群岛等) Indonesia [] n. 印尼(东南亚岛国) archaeologist [] n. 考古学家 archaeology [] n. 考古学 ancient [] adj. 远古的，古老的 flint [] n. 打火石, 燧石, 极硬的东西 rot [] v. (使)腐烂, (使)腐败 n. 腐烂, 腐败 The flowers rotted off. 花凋谢了。 rot away腐烂 disappeare without trace 消失得无影无踪 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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你可能会觉得奇怪， 蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。 许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。 有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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spare [] adj. 多余的, 剩下的, 少量的, 贫乏的, 备用的 v. 节约, 节省, 不伤害, 宽恕, 使某人免遭（麻烦、痛苦等） devour [] vt. （尤指动物）狼吞虎咽地吃；挥霍（财产）；（火灾等）吞没，毁灭；凝视，倾听（注意力被吸引） The hungry boy was devouring his dinner. 那饥饿的孩子狼吞虎咽地吃饭。 The fire devoured the forest. 大火吞没了森林。 be devoured by 心中充满（好奇心，焦虑等）；全部注意力为...所吸引 flocks and herds 牛群和羊群 表示“群”的同义词辨析： flock [] n. & v. 用于表示同类的鸟群，或动物群，特别是羊群；在用于表示人群时，指人数众多的人群，特别见于与宗教意义有关的文字或语言中。在作人群解时，flock的内涵是受到爱护或指导。“牧师”(pastor)实际上是牧羊人，而这里的“羊”指教徒或芸芸众生。 herd [] n. & v. 表示生有角质蹄子的动物，如牛或鲸鱼等的“群”。herd在表示人群时，指普通人 There we saw herds of cows grazing on the pasture. 我们在那里看到一群群的牛在草地上吃草。 He had no opinions of his own but simply follow the herd. 他从无主见，只是人云亦云。 herd n. 也作牧人解释（常构成复合词，如: cowherd, shepherd） 注意下列两词的区别： a herd of cow 牛群 a cowherd 牧牛人 shoal [] n. & v. & adj. 指一块游动的鱼“群”。shoal在表示人“群”时的内涵是数目极多。 school []与shoal常常可以换用 A shoal of fish will do this. 鱼群也会这么做（反射声音）的。 In the contrary school the duck is supreme. 在相反的一类鸟中，以野鸭为最。 但school除了用于鱼之外，也可用于其它动物，但不太用于表示人“群”。然而在用于人时，school指的不是“群”而是“派”、“类”等。 a man of the old school 一个守旧派 swarm [] 指在一起生活的昆虫“群” swarm在表示人“群”时，有“蜂拥”在一起的意思 A swarm of bees are following the queen-bee to find a suitable place to establish a new home. 一群蜜蜂跟着蜂王去寻找个合适的地方建立新家。 colony [] 也常用来表示“群”，主要表示聚集或活动在一起的同类动物，有时亦用于同类的植物 They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them. 它们（指蚜虫）受到了一大群蚂蚁的拜访，因为蚂蚁向蚜虫索取一种蜜。 owe [] vt. 欠（债等）；应该向（某人）付出，把...归功于（to）；认为...是靠...的力量；由于；对某个人或某些人怀有（特殊的感情） 通常的用法：owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 都可以表示欠某人…，把…归功于某人的意思。 I owe him ten dollars. （I owe ten dollars to him.） 我欠他10美元。 He owes his success to his hard work. 他认为自己取得成功是辛勤劳动的结果。 You seem to owe your neighbors a grudge. 看起来对你的邻居满怀怨恨。 vi. 欠债 She still owes for the car. 她仍然没付清这辆车的钱。 fraction [] n. 小部分, 片断, 分数 never do the least harm to sb.／sth. 丝毫不伤害… belonging [] n. [常用复] 某人的东西；财产；行李； |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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I hope you've let none of your belongings in the hotel. 我希望你什么东西也没忘在旅馆里。 a sense of belonging. 一种归宿感 glance [gl#ns] vi. 扫视, 匆匆一看 n. 一瞥, 匆匆一看 glance at the menu 瞥了一眼菜单 glanced in the rearview mirror 扫了一眼反视镜 at a glance (=at (the) first glance) 初[乍]一看就 take (give) a glance to (of／at／into) … 瞥了一眼… behalf []或[b!6h#f] n. 利益; 便利; on sb.'s behalf = on behalf of sb. 以某人的名义; 为了某人; 代表某人 in sb.’s behalf = in behalf of sb. 为了…；为了…利益 传统上in behalf of 和 on behalf of 有着不同的意思。 In behalf of 意为“为了…的利益”， 如我们为地震受灾者筹款。 On behalf of表示“作为…的代理人；代表…”， 如监护人代表那个小孩签了合同。 但这两种意思相当接近，因此经常被弄混，连一些名作家也时常混用。 He saves in behalf of his son. 他为儿子存钱。 He interceded in my behalf. 他替我说情。 Don't be uneasy on my behalf. 不要因为我而不安。 My husband could not be here tonight, but l want to thank you on his behalf. 我丈夫今晚因故不能前来, 我代表他向你们致谢。 authority [] n. 权威, 权力, 权威人士, 权威机构 a noted authority on birds一个著名的鸟类权威 a reference book often cited as an authority 一本常被引为权威的参考书 authorize [] v.批准 authoritative [] adj. 权威性的 authoritarian [] adj. 独裁的 n. 独裁主义者 census [] n. （人口）调查，普查 grass [gr#s] n. 草、草地 in grass field 草地上 长数字读法：2,250,000 —— two million two hundred and fifty thousand. acre [] n. 英亩 １acre = 4047 square meters on a football pitch 在足球场上 同义用法有：football court／football yard／football field be content with 满足于… content（满足）作表语，不能出现定语结构 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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虚拟语气 If it were not for 如果这不是因为 I would not survive if it were not for his timely help. 如果不是他及时地帮助，我难以幸存。 but for 可表达虚拟语气，相当于“if it were not for” |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal —— the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could —— sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheesemakers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed. |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。他们认为， 道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰 —— 才是他们寻求的目标。确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标 —— 顶峰！ 我们今天很难想像昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。 食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。有时同当地牧师 （他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。无论住在哪儿，情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。对于过惯了一顿饭吃7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一定是很艰难的。 |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+笔记） |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+ |
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回复：[私人整理] 适合背诵和课文理解的新概念第4册（课文+ |
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