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1楼 Notices & Supplementaries ► Chapter I ※ Expressions in the Text suffer to be beautiful 为美丽付出代价 suffer & suffer from suffer 1.感到疼痛、痛苦 He died very quickly, he didn't suffer much. 他死得很快,没有多少痛苦. 2.承受,遭受 You must be prepared to suffer consequences. 你要准备承担后果. suffer from 1.患有（疾病等） She suffers from headache. 她患头痛病 2.为...所苦,因...而吃苦头 Our business has suffered from lack of investment. 我们的企业因缺乏投资而受苦. I'm suffering from a real lack of time this week. 我这周为时间不够用而苦。 Mrs. White's little boy is suffering from a bad flu bug again. 怀特太太的小孩又再患了严重的感冒。 suffer 指一般的损害、痛苦等等,但suffer from指长期的或习惯性的痛苦或困难。 suffer the result /heavy losses /injuries承受结果/遭受大损失/负伤 suffer from headache/illness 遭受头痛/疾病的困扰 名词形式：suffering head to head 交头接耳 hand in hand 手拉手 side by side 肩并肩 have people with sb 与sb在一起 start with sb 从sb开始 首先 To start with, ... To begin with, ... the way I see it [插入语] 依我看 it’s up to sb to do sth 由sb决定做sth；是sb的职责或义务 danger from sth的危险 eating disorders 饮食无规律 fit society’s current ideas 迎合当今社会时尚潮流 give a brief historical perspective on sth 从历史的角度简明阐述sth historic & historical historic：有历史意义的 historic event可译为“历史性事件” historical：历史上发生过的，仅仅是一个时间概念，不涉及价值或重要性 historical event可译为“历史事件” in quotes 在引号中 = in quotation marks quote from 引用 for instance 举个例子 “举个例子”的英文说法: for instance; for example; such as; like; give an example; for instance & for example for example后面通常加具体东西；for instance后面通常加事情。 两者都是举例说明的意思，for instance稍稍正规一点点，没什么本质区别。 go in for 1. 参加 = enter for I am going in for an entrance examination next year. 我明年参加入学考试。 2. 喜欢 = have interest in Henry went in for swimming. 亨利喜欢游泳。 in all cases 在各种场合；在所有情况下 in all such cases 在所有类似的情况下 endure considerable physical pain and suffering 忍受巨大的生理痛苦和煎熬 endure = put up with = suffer be free to choose 自由选择 free from 没有；免于；无...之忧；无...之搀杂 free of 免除...；无... a free choice 自由的选择 come along to 来到 come along 1. 一起来 He came along with us. 他与我们一起来的。 2. 进展 The work was coming along quite well. 工作进展得相当顺利。 3. 出现 You should be ready to solve any problem that may come along. 你应该随时准备解决可能出现的问题。 look back at 回眸；追溯 push sb into sth 迫使sb做sth = push sb to do sth |
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2楼 set out some of the issues 表明其中的一些观点 take the first call 接第一个来电 on the line 正在接听 ※ Points in the Text length 不遗余力地 go to any length(s) go to great lengths go to all lengths 到了某种地步；走到...的极端；甚至会 go to the length of compliment pay / make sb a compliment on sth compliment sb on sth 在sth的方面夸奖sb receive compliments on sth 在sth的方面受到夸奖 compliment作名词时可数 a. complimentary emphasis 对sth重视 lay / put / place emphasis on sth A special emphasis should be placed on … fit fit, suit & match 用在衣服上可以认为fit是大小合适，suit是颜色合适，match是都合适。 fit 指大小、形状的合适，引申为吻合、协调。suit 指合乎需要、口味、条件、地位，以及花色、款式等与某人的皮肤、气质、身材或身份相称。match 多指大小、色调、形状、性质等的搭配。 This new jacket fits her well. 这件夹克很合她的身。 对比：This new jacket suits her beautifully. 这件夹她穿着真漂亮。 That colour suits you best. Try the new key and see if it fits the keyhole. Does this time suit you? No dish suits all tastes. 当表示“使……适合”的意思时，fit 常与 for 连用；suit 常与 to 连用。 His experience fits him for the job. He suited his speech to his audience. 他使自己的演讲适合于听众。 The People's Great Hall and the Historical Museum match the Tian An Men beautifully. 人民大会堂和历史博物馆把天安门陪衬得极为美丽。 perspective have the perspective on sth 对sth持有观点 get the story in perspective 正确地看待这件事 case a case in point 一个恰当的例子 in case 假如；免得 in case of 假如，万一… in any case 无论如何，总之 in no case 决不，无论如何不 in the case of 就…来说；至于 in this case 既然是这样 point There’s no point (in) doing sth 做sth没有意义 There’s not much point (in) doing sth 做sth没多大意义 point解释为“意义”时为不可数名词 issue at issue = in question 待解决的；争议中的；有分歧的；不一致的 “Many people fail to grasp what is really at issue here”(Gail Sheehy) “很多人都没有领会到这里到底在争论什么”(盖尔•希伊) join issue 参加争论 take issue 对…持异议；不同意 current issue of the magazine 当期杂志 ※ Expressions in MLI aim at 以...为目的 at a higher rate 以更高的速率 supply oxygen to the muscles 向肌肉供氧 向sb提供sth supply sth to sb supply sb with sth the risk of heart attack 得心脏病的危险 slow down the aging process 延缓衰老 achieve a higher standard 实现更高的标准 in all that we do 在我们做的所有事情上 sharper mind 敏锐的思维 in nature 1. 在本质上 The two are different in nature. 两者在本质上有区别。 2. 究竟 What in nature does she mean? 她究竟是什么意思? practise to music |
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3楼 in a word 总之 = all in all ※ Points in MLI beneficial get benefits from sth 从sth这里受益 For the benefit of you, ... 为了你好，…… 对sb有益 be of benefit to sb be beneficial to sb aerobics aerobic & aerobics aerobic a. 1. 需氧的;有氧的 2. 增氧健身运动的 3. (细菌)好氧性的 aerobics n. 1. 增氧运动,增氧舞蹈;增氧体操(借增氧以刺激心肺活动的运动) energy energy, strength & power energy n. 1. 活力,干劲[U] They are working with energy. 他们正在干劲十足地工作。 2. 精力,能力[U][P] They devoted all their energies to the job. 他们把自己的全部精力投入这项工作。 strength n. 1. 力,力量,力气;实力;效力[U] The medicine has lost its strength. 这药已经失效。 He hasn't got enough strength to remove that stone. 他没有足够的力气搬走那块石头。 2. 长处[C] 1,500-meter race is his strength. 一千五百米赛跑是他的强项。 power n. 1. 权,政权;权力;势力[S][(+over)] 2. 职权;权限[C][U][+to-v] The president has the power to veto bills. 总统有权否决议案。 3. 能力,本领[the S][(+of)] She lost her power of speech. 她失去了说话的能力。 4. 力,力量;动力,电力;功率[U] The shortage of power dimmed the streets. 由于电力不足,街道昏暗。 5. (有时大写)有权力的人;有影响的机构;强国,大国[C] The world powers will meet in Paris this summer. 今夏世界上的大国将在巴黎聚会。 regularly regularly ad. 1. 有规律地 ↔ irregularly 2. 定期地 We meet regularly to discuss business. 我们定期会面讨论事务。 3. 经常地,习惯性地 4. 整齐地,均匀地 productive a. 1. 生产的,生产性的 productive assets 生产性资产 2. 丰饶的;多产的;肥沃的 During the most productive time in her career, she wrote five novels. 在她创作生涯中最多产的时期,她写了五本小说。 Is rice the most productive food-bearing plant? 稻子是不是产粮最多的植物? 3. 富有成效的,有收获的 a productive meeting 富有成效的会议 4. 出产...的;产生...的[(+of)] The age was productive of men of genius. 那个时代出天才。 ※ Definitions in the Text cosmetic surgery medical operations to make you look better emphasis special importance, stress perspective point of view, way of looking at something horrendous horrible, frightening endure suffer, put up with quaint old-fashioned, funny, strange link connection between two things trend popular development, fashion ribs the thin, round bones inside your chest waist a thin part of your body, where you wear a belt ear lobes the soft part at the bottom of your ears lips the two soft parts on the outside of your mouth skull the big bone inside your head ※ Definitions in MLI beneficial having a helpful or useful effect |
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4楼 aerobic with oxygen in nature basically, essentially aging growing old rhythmic having a regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements lead to result in ※ Others be for = be in favor of ↔ be against stretch one's legs 散步 former ↔ latter ► Chapter III ※ Expressions in the Text series on 在……方面的系列 endangered animals 受危及的动物 endanger vt. 1. 危及;使遭到危险 The oil spill endangered thousands of birds. 石油的溢泄危及成千上万的鸟儿。 endangered = threatened get the facts on wolves 真正了解狼 in the northern half of the world 在北半球 in the northern hemisphere 在北半球 on three continents 在三个大洲 open plains 开阔的平原 plain a. 1. 简朴的;朴素的;不搀杂的 He advocates plain living. 他提倡过简朴的生活。 2. 清楚的;明白的;平易的 The meaning of the sentence is very plain. 这句句子的意思十分清楚。 3. 无花纹的 4. 坦白的,直率的 I must be plain with you. 我必须坦白地对你说。 5. 【婉】(相貌)平常的;丑的 The child has a plain face. 这孩子相貌平常。 6. 完全的,彻底的[Z][B] ad. 1. 【口】完全地;彻底地 She's just plain silly. 她简直傻透了。 2. 清楚地;平易地 n. 1. 平原;旷野[C] the Great Plains 北美大平原 wide head and thick fur 大脑袋厚皮毛 come from 由……进化而来 evolve from 由……进化而来 three-quarters of a metre in height 高0.75米 provided that 假使，如果 provided that 1. 倘若;以...为条件 I will go, provided that you go too. 你也去的话我就去。 provided / providing that = if = on condition that = suppose / supposing for up to two weeks 可长达两周时间 up to 1.表示程度或数量,表示"达到……程度或数量",相当于as far as, to。如: Up to ten people can sleep in this tent.这个帐篷至多能睡十人。 Everyone has his part to play, from the office boy up to the president.从办公室勤杂员到董事长,每个人都有自己的事做。 Our football team played up to its best in the last League matches.我们的足球队在上届联赛中发挥了最高水平。 2.表示时间限制,"直到……为止",相当于till(也可用up till)或until。如: He was here up to a moment ago.他刚才还在这儿呢。 The No. 5 bus runs up to 9 o'clock in the evening.五路公共汽车一直开到晚上九点。 注意:在将来时态中,应用until或till为好。如: I'll wait for you until / till ten o'clock tomorrow.我将等你到明天十点钟。 3.表示"够……;合格做……;有资格做……",相当于good/well/clever enough for或fit for。如: Michael is not really up to the job.迈克尔确实不胜任那项工作. My German isn't up to translating that letter.我的德语还不行,翻译不了那封信。(to为介词,接V-ing形式) Do you feel up to going out, or have you still got a headache?你觉得可以出去还是仍觉得头痛? 4.表示"责任"、"义务",相当于the duty or responsibility of。如: It is up to us to do our best now.我们现在务必要尽最大努力。(sb.后接动词不定式) |
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5楼 -Shall we go out for dinner or eat at home? -It's up to you. -我们是出去吃饭还是在家吃呢? -那要由你决定。(you后省略了to decide). 6.表示"做;忙于"或"从事于",相当于doing或busy doing/ with。(非正式语体中)如: The children are quiet; I wonder what they are up to!孩子们很安静,我不知道他们在捣什么鬼! What are you on earth up to?你究竟在搞什么名堂? 7.表示"知道"或"识破",相当于know, aware of。如: He is not up to many things about sports.他对体育运动知道得很少。 They cannot deceive me, for I'm up to all their tricks.他们欺骗不了我,因为我能识破他们所有的诡计。 live in groups 群居 produce cubs 生育幼崽 protect the youngsters 保护这些幼小的动物 protect, preserve, reserve & conserve protect vt. 1. 保护,防护[(+against/from)] May God protect you from harm. 愿上帝保佑你免受伤害。 Wearing dark glasses can protect your eyes from the sun. 戴墨镜可以保护眼睛不受阳光刺激。 preserve vt. 1. 保存,保藏;防腐[(+from)] Oil preserves metal from rust. 油保护金属免于生锈。 2. 保护;维护;维持 We have taken effective measures to preserve our natural resources. 我们已采取有效措施保护自然资源。 reserve vt. 1. 储备,保存;保留[(+for)] These seats are reserved for special guests. 这些座位是为特别的来宾保留的。 We will reserve the money; we may need it later. 我们将把这笔钱存起来,也许以后用得着。 2. 预约,预订 They have reserved rooms at a hotel. 他们已预订了旅馆房间。 I have reserved a table at the restaurant. 我已在饭店预订了一桌菜。 3. 推迟作出;暂时不作 The court will reserve judgment. 法庭将延期判决。 conserve vt. 1. 保存;保护;节省 Such laws exist only to conserve the privilege of this selfish minority. 这种法律的存在只会保护这一小部分自私自利者的特权。 We turned the bicycle lights off to conserve the batteries. 我们把自行车的灯关了,以节省电池的用电。 preserve 保持； protect 保护； protect偏具体的人或物，比如protect people。 preserve偏抽象的事务，比如保持传统，保持秩序等等。 have a reputation as 有……的名声 have a reputation of 有……的名声 run away from you 跑开你 be in danger from 受到……的威胁 be dangerous to 对……危险 What is being done to help them? 我们现在正采取哪些措施来帮助它们？ get better publicity for 对……做更好的普及宣传 publicity n.[U] 1. (公众的)注意,名声 The new project gained publicity through papers. 这项新工程通过报纸得到广泛宣传。 2. 宣传,宣扬 The company has launched a campaign of publicity for a new car. 公司为它的新型汽车大作宣传。 3. 宣传品;广告;宣传文章(或电影等) His job is producing publicity for the child welfare organizations. 他的任务是为儿童福利组织撰写宣传材料。 4. 公开场合 in the publicity of the streets 在街上大庭广众之前 avoid / escape publicity 防止暴光 seek publicity 沽名钓誉 receive a wide publicity 受到广泛关注 work out practical ways 找出切实有效的办法 manage on their own |
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6楼 ※ Points in the Text adaptable a. 1. 能适应新环境的;适应性强的 He is an adaptable man. 他是个能适应新环境的人。 2. 适合的 The soil is adaptable to the growth of peanuts. 这土壤适宜于花生的生长。 3. 可改编(或改写)的 adapt (oneself) to 使适应（某种环境） adapt sth from sth else 由……改编而来 Ex. The movie was adapted from a novel. adapt sth for sb 为……改编 Ex. The novel was adapted for foreign students. adaption n. 1. 适合,适应 2. 改写,改编本 3. (文化)同化 adaptor n. 1. 改编者;改写者 2. 【机】接合器;转接器 3. 适应者;适应物 campaign n.[C] 1. 战役 The campaign to seize the city was a failure. 攻占这个城市的战役失败了。 2. 运动,活动[(+for/against)][+to-v] The city hall is planning to start a campaign against smoking. 市政府计划发起禁烟运动。 3. 竞选运动 The presidential campaign was in full swing. 总统竞选运动正在全力进行中。 vi. 1. 从事运动[(for/against)] The union leaders are campaigning for better working conditions. 工会领导人为争取改善工作条件而积极活动。 2. 参加竞选[(+for)] He hasn't decided whether to campaign for the senate. 他尚未决定是否参加参议员的竞选。 3. 作战,出征 campaign 战役（中等规模） battle 战斗（小规模） war 战争（大规模） start / launch a campaign 开展一项活动 an anti-smoking campaign / a campaign against smoking 一场禁烟运动 resemble vt. 1. 像,类似[W][(+in)] She was not beautiful; she did not resemble her mother. 她不漂亮;她不像她的母亲。 A resembles B (in sth) 在……方面A很像B resemble = be similar to resemblance = similarity n. 1. 相似;相貌相似[U][(+between)] There is some resemblance between the accounts of the incident. 这一事件的不同记述中,有某些相似之处。 2. 相似点;相似程度[C][(+to)] The children have a great resemblance to their parents. 孩子们和他们的父母亲十分相像。 Your story shows no resemblance to the fact. 你所叙述的情节与事实完全不符。 Everybody says that my daughter bears a striking resemblance to me. 人人都说我女儿酷似我。 3. 相似物;画像,肖像[C] feed n. 1. (动物或婴儿的)一餐[C] She gave her baby four feeds a day. 她每天给婴儿喂四顿。 2. 饲料;牧草[U] Corn is used as animal feed. 玉米被用作牲口饲料。 3. 【机】进料器[C] 4. 【英】喜剧演员的逗噱搭档[C] vt. 1. 喂(养);饲(养)[(+on/with)] We feed the birds every day. 我们每天给鸟喂食。 They fed him on biscuits. 他们用饼干喂他。 2. 进(料);投入;供给;提供[(+with)] This moving belt feeds the machine with raw material. 这条传送带供给机器所需之原料。 3. 【口】向...提供[O1] They fed him information. 他们向他提供信息。 4. 抚养(家庭) He has a large family to feed. 他有一个大家庭要抚养。 5. 满足(欲望等);加深(恶感等) He did it to feed her vanity. 他那么做是为了满足她的虚荣心。 vi. 1. 吃;以...为食物;以...为能源[(+on)] Sheep feed on grass. 羊吃的是草。 The cat feeds on fish. 这只猫靠吃鱼为生。 feed sth to sb / feed sb on sth 给……喂食 feed on 以……为食；以吃……为生 |
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7楼 threaten vt. 1. 威胁,恐吓;扬言要[(+with)][+to-v][+that] He threatened to call the police. 他威胁着要叫警察。 2. 预示,是...的征兆;有...的危险[+to-v] Dark skies threatened rain. 天空发黑预示要下雨。 vi. 1. 威胁,恐吓 I don't mean to threaten. 我没有威胁的意思。 2. 似将发生,可能来临 threaten sb / sth 威胁；预示 threaten sb with sth 用……来威胁某人 threaten sb to do sth 威胁某人要去做某事 threaten sb that… extinct a. 1. (火等)熄灭了的 The volcano is extinct. 这座火山是座死火山。 2. 消亡了的;破灭了的 My hope of getting some employment was extinct. 我要找到工作的希望落空了。 3. 绝种的,灭绝的 The passenger pigeon is extinct. 旅鸽已绝种。 4. (职位等)废除了的;(贵族称号等)无合法继承人的 5. (法令,风俗等)过时的,失效的 extinct = die out What if all animals are extinct from this Earth? Of course, man will extinct from the earth too. cease vi. 1. 停止,终止[(+from)] The experiments have ceased. 试验已经停止。 vt. 1. 停止,结束[+to-v][+v-ing] The general ordered his troops to cease fire. 那位将军命令他的军队停火。 The matter has ceased to be a mystery to anyone. 这件事对大家已不再是个谜了。 n. 1. 停息[U] cease 骤停 stop 渐渐停下 pause 暂停 cease to do sth / stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 cease doing sth / stop doing sth 停止做某事 ※ Others Seven Continents: Africa 非洲 Antarctica 南极洲 Asia 亚洲 Europe 欧洲 North America 北美洲 Oceania 大洋洲 South America 南美洲 Four Oceans: the Indian Ocean 印度洋 the Arctic 北冰洋 the Atlantic 大西洋 the Pacific 太平洋 The Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act (7 U.S.C. § 136, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) of 1973 or ESA was the most wide-ranging of dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s in an attempt to halt or reverse the degradation of the environment. The act is designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction due to "the consequences of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation. The United States Congress passed its first legislation to protect endangered vertebrates in 1966 and expanded the law again in 1969. In 1973 Congress expanded both the scope and power of species protection by creating the Endangered Species Act. The stated purpose of the Act is not only to protect species, but also "the ecosystems upon which they depend." The Act protects all imperiled plants and animals, while previously laws protected only vertebrates. It forbids Federal Agencies from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions which may jeopardize endangered species. It forbids any government agency, corporation, or citizen from taking (i.e. harming or killing) endangered animals without a permit. At the ecosystem level, the Act requires that endangered species be granted "critical habitats" which encompass all areas necessary for their recovery. Federal agencies are forbidden from authorizing, funding, or carrying out any action which "destroys or adversely modifies" a critical habitat area. |
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8楼 ESA is administered by two federal agencies, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and NOAA Fisheries (formerly the National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS). NOAA Fisheries handles marine species, and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species. Species that occur in both habitats (e.g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon) are jointly managed. The Act was passed in the wake of a 1973 conference in Washington DC that led to the signing of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which restricted international commerce in plant and animal species believed to be actually or potentially harmed by trade. The Act contains a citizen suit clause, which allows citizens to sue the government to enforce the law. The first major legal challenge was over the Tennessee Valley Authority's Tellico Dam and Tellico Reservoir, which threatened to extirpate the snail darter fish. See snail darter controversy for more information. [edit] Listing A species can be listed in two ways. The first is for the FWS or NOAA Fisheries to take the initiative and directly list the species. The second is via individual or organizational petition which prompts FWS or NMFS to conduct a scientific review. There are two categories on the list, endangered and threatened. Endangered species are closer to extinction than threatened species. A third status is that of "candidate species". Under this status, the FWS has concluded that listing is warranted but immediate listing is precluded due to other priorities (limited time, perhaps political pressure to delay listing). Candidate species are afforded no protection under the ESA. The annual rate of listing (i.e. classifying species as "threatened" or "endangered") increased steadily from the Ford administration (15) through Carter (31), Reagan (32), Bush I (59), and Clinton (65), but declined under Bush II (8 per year as of 12/31/05). [1] The rate of listing is strongly correlated with citizen involvement and mandatory timelines: as agency discretion decreases and citizen involvement increases (i.e. filing of petitions and lawsuits) the rate of listing increases. [1] The recent decline in the listing rate has likely harmed species since the longer species are listed, the more likely they are to be classified as recovering by the FWS. [2] Many species have become extinct while on the candidate list or otherwise under consideration for listing; very few have become extinct while listed as threatened or endangered. [1] [edit] Recovery Plans FWS and NMFS are required to create a Recovery Plan outlining the goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species (i.e. increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list).[3] The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed. The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed, but the average time to completion is approximately six years. [1] The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration (4) through Carter (9), Reagan (30), Bush I (44), and Clinton (72), but declined under Bush II (16 per year as of 9/1/06).[1] |
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9楼 Recovery plans benefit species as indicated by the fact that the longer species have recovery plans, the more likely they are to be classified as improving.[2] The benefit, however, appears to be limited to single-species oriented plans; large multi-species, ecosystem-based plans are not correlated with improving status; perhaps due to their lack of specificity.[2] [edit] How Well Does it Work? There is debate on the effectiveness of the ESA. Defenders of the ESA argue that it has been enormously successful at preventing extinctions. Some argue that between 98-99% of species protected by the law have been preserved from extinction and that the United States would have experienced an order of magnitude more extinctions but for the protective provisions of the Endangered Species Act. Critics of the ESA argue that the Act has not accomplished its stated goal--the recovery of endangered species. Since 1973, only 33 species have been delisted [citation needed], seven because they went extinct[citation needed] and 12 more because they should not have been listed in the first place [citation needed]. Six more may be cases of data error, which is certainly the case with the gray whale and American alligator. [citation needed] The brown pelican's and Arctic peregrine falcon's recoveries have far more to do with the ban on the insecticide DDT than with the Endangered Species Act [citation needed]. Critics of the ESA further contend that while The Endangered Species Act has not been a failure, it certainly has not been a success either. If ESA worked as intended, preservation should eventually demote those species on Endangered list to Threatened list, and eventually off Threatened list too. That, however, has not been the case. One view on the performance of the ESA has been that private citizens often have to carry undue cost of protecting endangered species. When ESA was initially passed in 1970s, legislators felt that cost or revenue potential should not be a concern for preservation of endangered species. In essence, this meant that, if an endangered species was found in one's private land, one would not be able to use that land no matter how much revenues could be generated from using the land, for using the land destroys the habitat of an endangered species. Thus, ESA gives incentives to people to kill the endangered species if they find it on their land, before anybody else does. Commonly called the 'shoot, shovel and shutup' method. Therefore, Threatened species are usually escalated to Endangered list, and occasionally -- but fortunately, not often -- some are removed from Endangered list altogether because they become extinct[1]. Since the late 1980s and early 1990s, this phenomenon has been increasingly accepted by legislature [citation needed]. Changes to ESA, however, have not been made yet. A few natural resource economists have proposed that the government offer financial assistance to people whose land is a habitat of an endangered species. Such financial assistance is meant to compensate these individuals opportunity cost, for forgoing money they could have made by using the land, and thus to share the financial burden for preservation among many people[2]. Another option is to re-create equally habitable place for the species somewhere else if land is to be used. However, such reclamation of habitats is often opposed by environmentalists because any disturbance to a species' habitat is a threat to its livelihood. |
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