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1楼 Several Problems Regarding International Trade caveman n. -men (史前石器时代的) 穴居人；野人 come into being 形成, 产生 encompass [in5kQmpEs] v. 包围, 环绕, 包含或包括某事物 accustomed [E5kQstEmd] adj. 通常的, 习惯的, 按照风俗习惯的 manufacturing [7mAnju5fAktFEriN] n.adj. 制造业adj.制造业的 highlight [5haIlaIt] n.v. 最显著(重要)部分,突出 justify [5dVQstifai] v. 证明...是正当的 in the case of 在...的情况,万一 sponsor [5spCnsE] n. 发起人, 主办者, 主办人,发起, 主办,赞助 orientation [7C(:)rien5teiFEn] n. 方向, 方位, 定位, 倾向性 domestically adv. 家庭式地, 国内地 alert [E5lE:t] adj. 提防的, 警惕的警惕, 警报 ethnocentric [7eWnEu5sentrik] adj. 种族[民族]中心主义的, 种族优越感的 Copenhagen [7kEupEn5hei^En] n. 哥本哈根 import [im5pC:t] n.v. 进口货(常用复数), 进口 importer [Im`pR:tE(r)] n. 进口商 Danish [5deiniF] n. adj. 丹麦,丹麦的 conversion [kEn5vE:FEn] n .变换, 转化 krone [5krEune]n. n. 克朗(丹麦,挪威之货币单位) export [5ekspC:t] n.vt. 输出, 出口 , 出口, 出口商品 exporter [iks5pC:tE] n. 出口商 in terms of 根据, 按照, . 用...的话, 在...方面 Franc [frANk] n. 法郎 commitment [kE5mitmEnt] n. 许诺, 承担义务 norm [nC:m]n n. .标准, 规范 exchange rate n. 汇率,兑换率 deficit [5defisit] n. 赤字, 不足额 yen [jen] ) n. 日圆(日本的币制单位) barrier [5bAriE] n. 壁垒, (阻碍通道的)障碍物, 栅栏 trade barrier 贸易壁垒 ad valorem [9AdvE`lR:rem] adv. 按价 ad valorem duties 从价税 tariff [5tArif] n. 关税, 关税表 levy device [5levi] [di5vais] n.vt. n. 征收, 征税, 征兵,.征收策略,设计, 图案 [计]安装设备驱动程序 |
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2楼 What is international trade? Why do people import or export different goods from one country to another country? Do they have any problems in the import and export business? Several Problems Regarding International Trade Trading is one of the most basic activities of mankind. It has existed in every society, every part of the world ,and in fact every day since the caveman came into being1 . International trade2 is a business which involves the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing3 , but also encompasses the growing service industries in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking , advertising ,construction ,retailing, wholesaling and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental . In the case of 4private firms the transactions are for profit. Government-sponsored5 activities in international trade may or may not have a profit orientation. In order to pursue6 any of these objectives, a company must establish international operational forms, some of which may be quite different from those used domestically . The choice of forms is influenced not only by the objective being pursued, but also by the environments in which the forms must operate .These environment conditions also affect the means of carrying out business functions such as marketing . At the same time, the company operating internationally will affect to less degree ,the environment in which it is operating. International trade , also called foreign trade , or overseas trade ,in essence, is the fair and deliberate exchange of commodity and service across national boundaries. It includes import and export operations. In international trade ,the importer is usually in one country and the exporter in another. They are separated sometimes by thousands of miles. Therefore, during a transaction there may be many problems .The following problems are worth taking into account: 1.Cultural differences When dealing in international trade ( importing or exporting ), a businessman has to face a variety of conditions which differ from those to which he has grown accustomed 7in the domestic trade The fact that the transactions are across national borders highlights the differences between domestic and international trade. Generally, there are certain differences which justify the separate treatment of international trade and domestic trade. In particular, these differences include cultural difference, monetary conversion, and trade barriers. Foreign traders must be aware of these differences because they often bring about trade conflicts in international trade. There are many cultures as there are peoples on the earth. When companies do business overseas, they come in contact with people from different cultures. They often speak different languages and have their own particular customs and manner. The people of all cultures are ethnocentric. This means that they judge the world from their own ways of looking at things Therefore, in international trade, business people should be on alert 8 against different local customs and business norms. |
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3楼 Importing and exporting firms to whom the payment is made in foreign currency can be involved in significant foreign exchange risks11 because of the fluctuation in exchange rates. An importer, for example, does not receive a shipment immediately after ordering it , and is often given a short period of commercial credit. Suppose a UK importer must pay a certain amount of Deutsche Mark in 60 days to a German exporter for the import12of some equipments. This transaction leaves the UK firm open to substantial foreign exchange risks13 because during those 60 days , the pounds may depreciate relatively to the Deutsche Mark, forcing the UK firm to spend a large amount of pounds to satisfy its import commitment. 3.trade barriers 14 The third problem is trade barriers. It is generally assumed, as the famous economist David Richard stated in the nineteenth century , that the free flow of international trade benefits all who participate . In actual practice, however, the world has never had a completely free trading system .This is because every individual country puts controls on trade for the reasons: a. To correct a balanced-of-payment deficit. Such a deficit occurs when the total payments leaving a country are greater than money in receipt entering from abroad .The country then tries to limit imports and increase exports. b. In view of national security. Nations sometimes restrict exports 11of critical raw materials, high technology or equipment when such export might harm its own welfare. c. To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods . This is generally on the grounds that infant industries need to be shielded from foreign competition during their start-up periods. A country usually offers protection to its domestic industries by taxing imports of similar foreign goods. The tax may be levied as a percentage of the value of the imports, which is called an ad valorem tariff 15. When a tariff is added to the price of a foreign product coming into a country it raises the price of the item to the consumers. Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements, countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports. |
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4楼 1..…….. since the caveman came into being从洞穴人形成以来,….. come into being形成, 产生 Before the railway came up into being, a four-horse coach was a popular means of transportation. 在铁路还没出现以前, 四马拖曳的大马车是流行的交通工具。 2. International trade is a business which involves the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing , but also encompasses the growing service industries in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking , advertising ,construction ,retailing, wholesaling and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. 国际贸易就是人们跨越国界所进行的商务活动。广义来讲，它不仅包括国际贸易及国外生产，同时还包括新兴的服务行业，诸如交通运输业、旅游业、银行业、广告业、建筑业、零售业、批发业以及大众传播业等等。它包括所涉及的两个或者两个以上的国家的商务活动。 service industry 服务行业 3.. manufacturing ,n.制造(厂, 业), 生产 manufacturing-oriented adj.从事生产的, 与生产有关的 batch manufacturing【经贸】批次量制造 computer-aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造[生产] fur manufacturing毛皮加工;heavy manufacturing重工业 ill manufacturing制造不良 ;large manufacturing大规模生产 pilot manufacturing试制; small-scale manufacturing小批生产 straight-lined manufacturing流水生产; 4. In the case of private firms the transactions are for profit. Government-sponsored activities in international trade may or may not have a profit orientation. 私人企业为了盈利从事国际商务活动，而带有国家色彩的国际贸易可能就不仅仅为了盈利。 5. The exhibition was sponsored by the Society of Culture. 这个展览会是由文化学会主办的。 6. In order to pursue any of these objectives, a company must establish international operational forms , some of which may be quite different from those used domestically . 不论是否盈利，企业必须建立起自己的国际贸易形式。其中有些形式与国内贸易形式完全不同。 7. She spoke with her accustomed modesty. 以她惯有的谦虚态度讲话 . I am accustomed to sleeping late because of time difference in international trade.. 由于国际贸易中存在时差的问题，我习惯于睡得很晚. 8.. on the alert: watchful and prepared for danger, emergency, or opportunity: 警戒着，防备着：注意着且防备着危险、意外或机会： bird watchers on the alert for a rare species. 看守者人密切注意稀有鸟类. The radio alerted the citizens to prepare for the hurricane. 电台警告市民们作好预防暴风准备。 product alert (如国际贸易网站上的)产品提醒信息/提示信息 9. Copenhagen 哥本哈根 The capital and largest city of Denmark, in the extreme eastern part of the country on the eastern coast of Zealand. It was a trading and fishing center by the 11th century and became the capital in 1443. Population, 482,937. 哥本哈根：丹麦首都及最大城市，位于这个国家的最东端，西兰岛东海岸，在11世纪时是一个贸易和渔业中心，1443年成为首都。人口482,937. 10. franc n. 法郎 A basic unit of currency in Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, France, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Switzerland, and Togo. 法郎：比利时、贝宁、布基纳法索、布隆迪、科麦隆、中非共和国、乍得、科摩罗、刚果、吉布提、法国、加蓬、科特迪卡、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马里、摩纳哥、尼日尔、卢旺达、塞内加尔、瑞士和多哥等国家的基本货币单位. (注意：现在法国和比利时使用欧元，欧元区由12个国家组成,德国，法国，意大利,西班牙,荷兰，比利时,奥地利,芬兰,葡萄牙,爱尔兰,卢森堡和希腊,废除了本国货币而使用欧元作为流通货币。) |
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5楼 本公司从巴西将咖啡进口到中国 12．They are engaged in import and export. 他们做进出口贸易。 The export of gold is forbidden. 禁止黄金出口。 Many raw materials are exported to foreign countries. 许多原材料输出到外国。 The exporter shall pay the unloading charges.出口商应该支付卸货费。 13．。。foreign exchange officers …外汇官员 exchange dollars for francs; exchanging labor for room and board. 把美金换成法郎；用劳力换膳宿 He exchanged a position in the private sector for a post in government. 他为谋政府公职而放弃私人公司的职位. You are allowed to exchange defective merchandise at a store. 允许在商店里退还瑕疵品 At that time the British pound exchanged for $2.80. 那时一英镑可以兑换2.80美元。 exchange foreign money for Renminbi 把外币兑成人民币 If you wait, I’ll find out the rates of exchange.请等一会儿，我查查兑换率。 If you wait, I’ll find out the rates of exchange between U.S. dollars and RMB. .请等一会儿，我查查美元对人民币兑换率。 14 While dealing with foreign economic and trade relations in recent years, China has come up against all kinds of trade barriers which have severely restricted the country's exports and investment, ministry sources said. 对外经贸部消息：最近几年，在处理对外经贸关系时，中国遭遇了各种各样的贸易壁垒，这些贸易壁垒严重国家的出口与投资。 15 从价关税（Ad Valorem Duties） 以商品价格为标准征收的关税 ad volorem 是拉丁文，从价之意，即从价关税是采用从价原则征收的，它是按价格的一定百分比征收，税额随价格的上升而增加，随价格下跌而减少，关税收入直接与价格挂钩。进口从价关税势必影响进口商品国内价格，使之高于进口价格。差额应相当于进口税额，从而减少国内需求，出口从价关税势必影响出口商品的出口价格，使之高于国内价格，差额相当于出口税额，从而减少国外需求，所以关税一向被称为传统的贸易壁垒，而如何确定进出口商品的完税价格是征收从价税的一个关键，目前，许多资本主义国家都以商品的实际价格，即在某一时间和地点，在正常的贸易过程中，在自由竞争条件下，商品成交的价格作为完税的价格。各国采用的完税价格很不一致，从进口税的征收来看，一般有以下三种：1)到岸价格（C.I.F）即成本加保险费加运费价格；2)离岸价格（F.O.B）即装运港船上交货价格，亦即出产地，发运地市场价格；3)法定价格。由于从价税随着商品价格的升降而变化，所以在价格上升时，税额增加，保护作用大，价格下降时，税额减少，保护作用小。 《关税及贸易总协定》缔约国之间征收进口关税，一般遵循国际惯例，采用到岸价(C.I.F)征收从价. 关税（Customs Duty） 又称 customs 或tariff，是一个国家对于通过其国境的货物所课征的租税，因此，它是一种国境关税，所谓“通过其国境”即表明关税为通过税的一种，而所谓“国境”并不仅限于一个国家的政治领域，而是指经济的国境，也即关税的地域，如非经济的国境，或非关税的地域，则虽有货物通过，也不课征关税，例如通过自由港的商品，即不课税。关税乃对通过国境的“货物”才课税，如非“货物”则不属课税对象，例如旅客出入国境，从事运输客货的运输工具，虽过境，也不课关税。关税依货物通过的方向可分为进口税（import duty），出口税（export duty）。但现代已很少课征出口关税，所以一般所谓关税，乃指进口关税而言；依课证标准，可分为从价税（ad valorem duty），从量税（specific duty），复合税（compound duty）以及选择税（alternative duty）；依课征目的，可分为财政关税（financial duty）、保护关税（protective duty）、反倾销税（anti-dumping duty）以及报复关税（retaliatory duty）等。 |
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6楼 Reading Comprehension 1.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false: (1) （ ）International trade may be private or governmental. (2) （ ）International trade , also called foreign trade , or overseas trade. (3) （ ）Generally, there are few differences which justify the separate treatment of international trade and domestic trade. (4) （ ） We can exchange foreign money for Renminbi. (5) （ ）In actual practice, however, the world has had a completely free trading system . (6) （ ）The tax may be levied as a percentage of the value of the imports, which is called an ad valorem tariff. 2.Answer the following multiple-choice questions by choosing letters A,B,C,D. (1) （ ）Foreign trade can also be called _______ trade. A. internal B. domestic C. oversea D. selling (2) （ ）In order to _______ export profits, a company must establish international operational forms . A. sue B. pursue C. loot D. rape (3) （ ）France is using_______ currency. A. Franc B. French dollar C. Euro dollar D. U.S dollar (4) （ ）In order to protect domestic industry, there are tariff _______ in international trade. A. barrier B. bar C. levy D. barriers (5) （ ）The customs levied a fine _______ the exporter.. A. to B. by C. on D. from (6) （ ）If you import something, sometimes you have to pay an import _______. A. duty B. duties C. custom D. tariffs 3.Language work: Fill in the following blanks with the words or phrases from the text:: (1) There is evidence that _______ the governor in the scandal. (2) A retailer sells goods by _______. (3) A wholesaler sells goods by_______. (4) An exporter can find many buying offers _______ www.alibaba.com. (5)As a paid member you may get many e-mail _______. (6)We have been handling the import and _______ business of electric goods for more than thirty years. 4.Discussion: (1)Does China have policies to enhance export, e.g. tax rebates? Can you say anything about relevant policies stipulated by our government? (2)In recent years we have encountered many non-tariff barriers in some lines ,what would you say about it ? Key to exercises Several Problems Regarding International Trade I. 1. T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5. F 6.T II. 1. C 2. B 3.C 4. D 5. C 6. A III. 1. involved 2. retail 3. wholesale 4. on 5.alerts 6. export |
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7楼 贸易是人类最基本的活动之一，每个社会都有贸易活动，并存在于世界各地，事实上，从洞穴人开始就已经有了贸易交往活动。国际贸易就是人们跨越国界所进行的商务活动。广义来讲，它不仅包括国际贸易及国外生产，同时还包括新兴的服务行业，诸如交通运输业、旅游业、银行业、广告业、建筑业、零售业、批发业以及大众传播业等等。它包括所涉及的两个或者两个以上的国家的商务活动。这种商务活动，可能是私人之间的关系，也可能是国家间的关系。私人企业为了盈利从事国际商务活动，而带有国家色彩的国际贸易可能就不仅仅为了盈利。 不论是否盈利，企业必须建立起自己的国际贸易形式。其中有些形式与国内贸易形式完全不同。选择哪种形式不仅取决于企业追求的目标，同时受到企业所面临的环境的制约。这些环境因素也影响贸易活动的功能，如 销售功能。另一方面，公司的活动也影响着国际贸易环境，只是这种影响不及环境对贸易影响那样深刻。 国际贸易又称对外贸易、世界贸易或海外贸易。从 本质上来说，即在平等的基础上，有意识地进行跨国的商品和服务交换行为。它包括进口业务和出口业务两部分内容。在国际贸易中，通常进口商在一个国家，而出口商在另一个国家。他们相隔万里。因此业务中，就会遇到许多问题。下面的几个问题值得我们研究： 1. 文化差异问题 从事国际贸易（出口和进口） 时，一个商人所面临的各种情况与他所熟知的国内贸易不太一样。 国内贸易和国际贸易的最大区别就是商品交易跨越了国界。一般来说，有几个差异要求我们必须对国际对国内贸易和国际贸易分别对待。 这些差异主要包括文化冲突、货币兑换和贸易壁垒。从事国际贸易的商人必须了解这些差异，因为它们经常引起摩擦。 地球上的文化和种族一样数量众多。当公司在海外开拓业务时，它们必须同具有不同文化背景的人打交道。这些人说不同的语言，有他们独特的风俗习惯和行为规范。具有各种文化背景的人都有种族中心倾向，也就是说他们用自己看待事物的方式来判断世界。因此，在国际贸易中，商人应密切注意不同地方的风俗和商业准则。 2． 货币兑换问题 另外一个主要问题是货币兑换问题。如果世界上的每一个国家都使用同样的货币，世界贸易就会变得容易得多。但是，事实并不如此，一个哥本哈根啤酒商人要用丹麦克郎来支付货款。货币，如同啤酒或者其它商品一样，具有一定的价值。唯一的区别是每一种货币的是用另一种货币的价值表现出来的。 法国法郎的价值可以从美圆、英镑、日元表现出来。这些货币的兑换率每天在变化，全世界的银行和外汇交易所也在不断地更新它们。 用外币支付给进出口公司的货款，因兑换率的波动，要面临很大的外汇风险。例如，一个进口商订购后，不能马上收到货物，通常他会得到一小段时间的商业信用。假设一个英国进口商60天后将付给一定数目的德国马克给一个德国出口商以进口一些设备。这个交易使英国公司面临汇率风险，因为在这60天里，英镑对德国马克可能会贬值，迫使这家英国公司支付大笔英镑来履行其进口承诺。 3． 贸易壁垒 第三个问题就是贸易壁垒问题。正如著名经济学家大卫。李嘉图在19世纪所说的一样：自由流动的国际贸易可以使双边获益。然而，在现实世界里，世界从来就没有真正意义的自由贸易。这是因为每一个国家都会因为下列原因而设置贸易官职 ： a. 为改善国际收支逆差。 当一个国家的全部支出款项超过从国外收进的款项时，就会出现逆差。这时，该国就要限制进口而增加出口。 b. 考虑国家安全的需要 。一些国家有时候会限制出口危险的原材料，高科技技术或设备，因为这种出口会影响自身的安全。 c. 保护本国的产业免受国外商品的竞争。这一般是因为新兴产业在起步阶段需要保护，避免来自于国外的竞争。一个国家经常对进口类似产品征税来保护国内工业。税费可以按照进口商品价值的一定比例来征收，这就是从价关税。当关税计入进口商品价格中时，消费者购买该商品的价格就会上涨。 虽然通过国际协定，关税已经大幅度下降了，但各个国家继续使用其它策略来限制进口或增加出口。 . |
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8楼 What is international trade? Why do people import or export different goods from one country to another country? Do they have any problems in the import and export business? Several Problems Regarding International Trade Trading is one of the most basic activities of mankind. It has existed in every society, every part of the world ,and in fact every day since the caveman came into being1 . International trade2 is a business which involves the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing3 , but also encompasses the growing service industries in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking , advertising ,construction ,retailing, wholesaling and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental . In the case of 4private firms the transactions are for profit. Government-sponsored5 activities in international trade may or may not have a profit orientation. In order to pursue6 any of these objectives, a company must establish international operational forms, some of which may be quite different from those used domestically . The choice of forms is influenced not only by the objective being pursued, but also by the environments in which the forms must operate .These environment conditions also affect the means of carrying out business functions such as marketing . At the same time, the company operating internationally will affect to less degree ,the environment in which it is operating. International trade , also called foreign trade , or overseas trade ,in essence, is the fair and deliberate exchange of commodity and service across national boundaries. It includes import and export operations. In international trade ,the importer is usually in one country and the exporter in another. They are separated sometimes by thousands of miles. Therefore, during a transaction there may be many problems .The following problems are worth taking into account: 1.Cultural differences When dealing in international trade ( importing or exporting ), a businessman has to face a variety of conditions which differ from those to which he has grown accustomed 7in the domestic trade The fact that the transactions are across national borders highlights the differences between domestic and international trade. Generally, there are certain differences which justify the separate treatment of international trade and domestic trade. In particular, these differences include cultural difference, monetary conversion, and trade barriers. Foreign traders must be aware of these differences because they often bring about trade conflicts in international trade. There are many cultures as there are peoples on the earth. When companies do business overseas, they come in contact with people from different cultures. They often speak different languages and have their own particular customs and manner. The people of all cultures are ethnocentric. This means that they judge the world from their own ways of looking at things Therefore, in international trade, business people should be on alert 8 against different local customs and business norms. |
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9楼 Monetary conversion is another major problem in doing international trade. If every country in the world use the same currency, the world trade would be made much easier .But this is not the case, a Copenhagen9 beer producer wants to be paid in Danish Krone. Currencies like other commodities such as beer, have a certain value. The only difference is that each currencies’ value is stated in terms of other currencies. French francs 10 have value in US dollars, which have a value in British pounds, or a value in Japanese yen. These exchange rates change every day and are constantly updated in banks and foreign exchange offices around the world. Importing and exporting firms to whom the payment is made in foreign currency can be involved in significant foreign exchange risks11 because of the fluctuation in exchange rates. An importer, for example, does not receive a shipment immediately after ordering it , and is often given a short period of commercial credit. Suppose a UK importer must pay a certain amount of Deutsche Mark in 60 days to a German exporter for the import12of some equipments. This transaction leaves the UK firm open to substantial foreign exchange risks13 because during those 60 days , the pounds may depreciate relatively to the Deutsche Mark, forcing the UK firm to spend a large amount of pounds to satisfy its import commitment. 3.trade barriers 14 The third problem is trade barriers. It is generally assumed, as the famous economist David Richard stated in the nineteenth century , that the free flow of international trade benefits all who participate . In actual practice, however, the world has never had a completely free trading system .This is because every individual country puts controls on trade for the reasons: a. To correct a balanced-of-payment deficit. Such a deficit occurs when the total payments leaving a country are greater than money in receipt entering from abroad .The country then tries to limit imports and increase exports. b. In view of national security. Nations sometimes restrict exports 11of critical raw materials, high technology or equipment when such export might harm its own welfare. c. To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods . This is generally on the grounds that infant industries need to be shielded from foreign competition during their start-up periods. A country usually offers protection to its domestic industries by taxing imports of similar foreign goods. The tax may be levied as a percentage of the value of the imports, which is called an ad valorem tariff 15. When a tariff is added to the price of a foreign product coming into a country it raises the price of the item to the consumers. Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements, countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports. |
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