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1楼 Lesson One Nouns 表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。名词前边一般能加数词和量词，但不能受副词修饰。少数单音节名词可以重叠，表示"每"的意思。例如：人人（每人）、天天（每天）等。指人的名词后边可以加词尾"们"，表示复数。例如：老师们。但是，如果名词前面有数词和量词或其他表示复数的词，名词后就不能加词尾"们"。不能说"五个老师们"，应该说"五个老师"。 A word denoting the name of a person or a thing is called a noun. Generally a noun can be preceded by a numeral-measure word combination, but can't be modified by adverbs. Some monosyllabic nouns can be reduplicated to express the meaning of "every". For example, "人人" (every one), "天天" (every day) and so on. The suffix "们" can be added to a personal noun to express the plural. For example, "老师们" (teachers). However, if before the noun there are numeral-measure words or other words implying the plural, the suffix "们" can't be added to the noun. For example, we can't say "五个老师们", but should say "五个老师" (five teachers). 名词一般都可以在句子里作主语、宾语和定语。 Generally a noun can serve as subject, object and attributive in a sentence. 作主语。 As the subject. 北京是中国的首都。 Beijing is the capital of China. 夏天热。 In summer it is hot. 西边是操场。 The playground lies in the west. 老师给我们上课。 The teacher gave us a class. 作宾语。 As the object. 小云看书。 Xiaoyun reads books. 现在是五点。 Now it is five o'clock. 我们家在东边。 Our house is located in the east. 我写作业。 I do my homework. 作定语。 As an attributive. 这是中国瓷器。 This is a Chinese china. 我喜欢夏天的夜晚。 I like the night in the summer. 英语语法比较简单。 The grammar of English is comparatively simple. 妈妈的衣服在那儿。 Mother's dress is there. 时间词（表示日期、时刻、季节等的名词）和方位词（表示方向或位置的名词）还经常作状语，而一般名词不具有这个作用。例如： Time nouns (nouns indicating date, times of the clock, seasons, etc.) and nouns of locality (nouns showing direction an location) can also serve as adverbial adjuncts, whereas nouns of other kinds cannot. For example: 他后天来。 He will come here the day after tomorrow. 我们晚上上课。 We have classes in the evening. 您里边请。 Please come in. 我们外边谈。 Let's talk outside. |
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2楼 lesson Two Verbs 表示动作、行为、心理活动、发展变化等的词叫动词。动词按能不能带宾语分为及物动词和不及物动词。后边可以直接带宾语的动词叫及物动词。后边不能直接带宾语的动词叫不及物动词。动词的否定形式是在动词前面加上"不"或"没（有）"。 Words indicating actions, behavior, mental activities, changes and developments, etc. are called verbs. Verbs can be grouped into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs according to whether they take an object. Verbs that can be followed immediately by an object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that can't immediately take an object are called intransitive verbs. Verbs are negated by the negative adverbs "不" or "没（有）". 一. 动词的用途： Functions: 作谓语。 As the predicate. 我喜欢北京。 I like Beijing. 我站在长城上。 I am standing on the Great Wall. 作主语。 As the subject. 动词作主语时要有一定的条件：谓语需由形容词或表示"停止、开始、判断"一类的动词充当。 A verb can be used as subject on condition that the predicate of the sentence must be an adjective or a verb expressing the ideas of "stop, start or judge". 浪费可耻。 Waste is disgraceful. 比赛结束了。 The match ended. 作定语。 As an attributive. 动词作定语时后边要用助词"的"。 的must be added to a verb used as an attributive. 你有吃的东西吗？ Do you have something to eat? 他说的话很正确。 What he said is correct. 作宾语。 As the object. 我喜欢学习。 I like studying . 我们十点结束了讨论。 We ended the discussion at 10 o'clock. 作补语。 As a complement. 我听得懂。 I can understand. 他看不见。 He can't see it. 作状语。 As an adverbial adjunct. 动词作状语时后边要用助词"地"。 "地" must be added to a verb used as an adverbial adjunct. 他父母热情地接待了我。 His parents welcomed me with open arms. 学生们认真地听老师讲课。 The students listen to the teacher attentively. 二. 使用动词时，要注意下面几个问题。 Points that merit special attention. 汉语里动词的形式是不变的，动词的形式不受人称、性别、单复数、时间等的影响。例如： Chinese verbs have no morphological changes whatsoever resulting from person, gender, number, time, etc.. For example: 我是学生。 I am a student. 她是老师。 She is a teacher. 他们是工人。 They are workers. 我正在写作业。 I am doing my homework. 我每天下午写作业。 I do my homework every afternoon. 我写了作业。 I did my homework. 动词后边加助词"了"，表示动作行为已经完成。 The particle "了" is suffixed to a verb to emphasize a completed action. For example: 我读了一本书。 I finished reading a book. 他走了。 He left. 动词后边加助词"着"，表示动作正在进行或状态在持续。例如： The particle "着" is suffixed to a verb to show a progressive action or continuous state. For example: 我们正上着课。 We are having classes. 门开着呢。 The door is opening. 动词后边加助词"过"，表示动作曾经发生过或曾经有过某种经历。例如： The particle "过" is suffixed to a verb to place special stress on a certain experience in the past. For example: 我去过北京。 I have been to Beijing. 我曾经看过这本书。 I've ever read this book. |
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3楼 Lesson Three Auxiliary Verb 帮助动词表示需要、可能或愿望的词叫助动词。助动词经常修饰动词或形容词，它的后边不能直接带名词。助动词的否定式是在助动词前边用否定副词"不"。 Verbs that "help" other verbs to express necessity, possibility and willingness are called auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are often used to modify verbs or adjectives. A noun cannot immediately follow them. They are negated by 不. 助动词有以下几类： Auxiliary verbs include the following kinds: 表示有某种技能、能力的： Those expressing capability: 能 能够 会 表示可能的： Those expressing possibility: 能 能够 会 可以 可能 表示情理上需要的: Those expressing necessity by reason: 应该 应当 该 要 表示必要的： Those expressing obligation: 必须 得（děi） 表示主观愿望的： Those expressing willingness: 要 想 愿意 敢 肯 |
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4楼 lesson Four Adjectives 表示人、事物的形状、性质或者动作、行为等的状态的词叫形容词。形容词的否定式是在形容词前用否定副词"不"。 Words that describe the shape or property of a person or thing, or the state of a movement or action, are called adjectives. The negative adverb 不 is placed before an adjective for the negative form. 一. 形容词有以下几类： Adjectives include the following kinds: 表示人或事物的形状的： Describing shape: 大 小 高 矮 红 绿 齐 美丽 表示人或事物的性质的： Describing property or quality: 好 坏 冷 热 对 错 正确 伟大 优秀 严重 表示动作或行为等的状态的： Describing the state of a movement or action: 快 慢 紧张 流利 认真 熟练 残酷 二. 形容词的用途： Functions: 作定语： As an attributive: 形容词最主要的用途是修饰中心语。例如： Adjectives are mainly used as modifying attributive. For example: 红裙子 a red skirt 绿帽子 a green cap 宽广的原野 vast expense of open country 明媚的阳光 bright sunshine 作谓语： As the predicate: 时间紧迫。 Someone is being pressed for time. 她很漂亮。 She is very beautiful. 茉莉花很香。 Jasmine is very fragrant. 他很高。 He is very tall. 作状语： As an adverbial adjunct: 形容词的一个重要用途是在动词前作状语。例如： One of the important uses of adjectives is to be put before a verb as an adverbial adjunct. For example: 快走。 Hurry! 他多喝了点儿。 He had a drop too much. 你应该正确地对待批评。 You should take a correct attitude towards criticism. 同学们认真地听讲。 Students listen to the teacher attentively. 作补语： As the complement: 形容词常作谓语动词的补语。例如： Adjectives often serve as complements to predicate verbs. For example: 先在纸上画图形，再选好树叶. First, drew a pattern on a piece of paper and selected some leaves. 把你自己的衣服洗干净。 Clean your clothes. 雨水打湿了她的头发。 The rainwater wet her hair. 风吹干了衣服。。 The wind dried the clothes. 作主语： As the subject: 谦虚是中国传统的美德。 Modest is a traditional virtue of China. 骄傲使人落后。 Proud will make you drop behind. 作宾语： As the object: 女孩子爱漂亮。 Girls love being pretty. 他喜欢安静。 He likes quietness. |
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